The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a member of the paramyxoviridea family and has great significance in the poultry production industry, which spends a huge amount of money every year on prevention and economic loss caused by this disease. A wide range of symptoms, including respiratory and nervous disorders, as well as hemorrhage lesions in the digestive system are observed in this disease. This research investigated the presence of NDV in 10 poultry farms with high mortality and respiratory symptoms in Kerman province, Iran (between January 2020 to October 2020). Tissue samples were collected from mortalities of 10 flocks in different parts of Kerman province and inoculated into embryonated eggs. The NDV was detected in the allantoic fluid by polymerization of partial F gene protein. The virus was positive in the samples of 5 flocks. The results of the phylogenetic analysis also showed that the sequence of isolates was related to genotype II (three isolates) and sub-genotype VIId (two isolates) of NDVs. It was also found that the amino acid sequences of sub-genotype VIId isolates in the 113 to 116 positions were RRQKR and in the 117 positions was the presence of F (phenylalanine). The other three isolates were grouped with B1, Clone, and LaSota vaccines, and the amino acid sequence in the cleavage site included GRQGRL. The similarity between the studied isolates was 99.6%-98.4%. In this study, virulent viruses were isolated and tracked in broiler farms that were vaccinated with live and killed vaccines. It is recommended to pay more attention to designing the vaccination program.

Influenza viruses can multiply in quails and be transmitted to other animal species. As vaccination reduces virus shedding in chickens, the effect of the killed H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) on tissue distribution and virus shedding was evaluated in quails. One hundred 20-day-old quails were divided into six equal groups, kept in separate pens, and fed ad libitum. Before vaccination, blood samples were randomly collected from the wing veins. Four groups were vaccinated with the inactivated H9N2 Razi Institute vaccine at 21 days subcutaneously at the back of neck. Three weeks later, two groups were re-vaccinated. Two weeks later, at the age of 56 days, three groups were challenged with 100 μL of allantoic fluid containing 105 EID50 H9N2 through the oculonasal route. Blood samples were collected from quails at 42, 56, 63, and 70 days from each group to determine AIV antibodies by the hemagglutination inhibition test. Three quails were randomly selected and euthanized from each group on days 1, 3, and 6 post-inoculation (PI). Tissue samples were collected, and the RT-PCR test was performed. No clinical signs or gross lesions existed in any of the groups during the experiment. However, the virus was detected in different tissues on the first, third, and sixth days after the challenge in unvaccinated challenged birds. Virus detection was significantly more frequent in the quails vaccinated once and challenged than in the twice-vaccinated challenged group (P≤0.05). On the third day of PI, the virus was detected in some organs of the challenged groups. On the sixth day of PI, the virus was detected only in the lungs of two unvaccinated and once-vaccinated challenged birds. It was concluded that the vaccination of quails against AIV H9 is necessary to protect them from clinical signs, as well as respiratory tract and intestine replication. Two-time vaccination significantly protects the respiratory and intestine tracts, compared to one-time vaccination (P≤0.05).

Fracture repair is a constant clinical challenge, and finding a method to promote and improve restoration is a primary goal for researchers. This is examined from various perspectives, such as fewer complications, increased speed, and cost-effectiveness. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of eggshell powder, compared to the commercial form of demineralized bone matrix (DBM), in critical-size defects in rat calvarial bone. In this study, 40 adult male Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into four groups of 10. The first group was the control group (C), the second was the eggshell powder group (E), the third was the DBM group (D), and the fourth was the one simultaneously receiving eggshell powder and DBM (DE). In these groups, a 5 mm diameter defect was created in the calvaria using a trephine. All animals received the appropriate treatment for their group. Each group was then divided into two subgroups of five. On days 30 and 60 post-surgery, these subgroups were euthanized, followed by sampling and histopathology examinations. After evaluating the repair percentage using Quick Photo software, the DE group had the highest repair percentage on days 30 and 60. Groups E and D had similar recovery percentages, with group D having a slightly higher one. There was a significant difference between all three groups and the control group. In conclusion, eggshell powder may potentially serve as a suitable substitute for some transplants.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of varying quantities of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on growth performance and mucosal enzyme activity in Japanese quails at an early age. Using a completely randomized experimental design, 160 one-day-old quail chicks were randomly assigned to 4 experimental treatments and each treatment contained 4 replicate pens of 10 birds. The experimental treatments included T1: control (a basal diet containing 35.2 mg Zn only ), T2, T3, and T4  containing basal diet plus 20, 40, and 60 mg ZnO NPs, respectively. Performance characteristics were recorded weekly. After 21 days, one quail was selected and slaughtered from each experimental cage with a body weight equal to the average body weight of quails in the same experimental cage. After slaughtering and opening the abdominal cavity, a 5 cm sample was taken from the jejunum of the small intestine. The jejunum sample was stored at -80°C until the measurement of alkaline phosphatase, amylase, and lipase enzymes. The results showed that live weight was higher in the T3 and T4 groups than in the control group (P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio was also lower in birds fed with basal diets supplemented with 40 and 60 mg ZnO NPs/kg  (T3 and T4, respectively), compared to control treatments (P>0.05). The results showed that amylase and lipase activity increased in the birds fed with 40 and 60 mg ZnO NPs/kg  of the basal diet, in comparison to the control treatment; however, they were not significant (P>0.05). The results of this study indicated that the addition of 40 or 60 mg ZnO NPs/kg to the basal diet could be used as a supplement to improve performance traits and enhance mucosal enzyme activity in Japanese quail in the starter stage.

Kaposiform haemangioendothelioma (KHE) is a rare vascular tumor, occurring predominantly in infancy, with an incidence of 0.091 per 100,000 children. Typically presenting as a solitary large cutaneous lesion, with no distant metastases. Children with KHE are at high-risk of developing Kasabach-Merritt Phenomenon (KMP), a consumptive coagulopathy. KMP is defined as profound thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, and elevated D-dimer. KMP has a mortality of 10 - 30%. Due to its rarity, there is little robust evidence for KHE management. Rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors have been shown to be a safe and effective treatment. This report is regarding a newborn term female who presented at birth with an abdominal cutaneous vascular malformation, subsequently developing life-threatening thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy. She was diagnosed with KHE complicated by KMP, with an excellent response to sirolimus treatment, with subsequent lesion resection.

Background: The Razi-Cov-Pars vaccine, a recombinant protein vaccine developed in Iran, has undergone evaluation in three dosage strengths across three clinical trial phases. In phase I, volunteers received one of three dosages (5, 10, and 20 μg) corresponding to low, medium, and high strengths. Materials and Methods: This study assessed the long-term in vitro immune status of the Razi-Cov-Pars vaccine by transferring lymphocyte supernatants (SN) from individuals vaccinated for 8 months to lymphocytes from individuals vaccinated for 16 months and non-vaccinated healthy individuals. Immunological parameters were evaluated using the 3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay for stimulation index and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for interleukin 10, transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) and TGF-α levels.Results: The findings revealed that lymphocyte SN from individuals vaccinated for 8 months significantly enhanced the proliferation of lymphocytes from individuals vaccinated for 16 months with the licensed 10 μg strength vaccine. This suggests that the Razi-Cov-Pars vaccine may have long-term effects on lymphocyte proliferation and immune response. Notably, there was a significant increase in TGF-α levels across all vaccine strengths, hinting at the potential role of TGF-α in long-term immune processes following vaccination with Razi-Cov-Pars. Additionally, there was a marked increase in interleukin-10 levels in all vaccinated groups, indicating active pro-inflammatory elements in the SN. TGF-β expression significantly increased in the high-strength vaccine group, whereas no notable difference was observed in the low and medium-strength groups.Conclusion: We detected a significant stimulation in the lymphocytes isolated from vaccinated individuals after 16 months by measurement of proliferative potential and cytokine gene expression thereby assessing the long-term effect of the vaccine.

In this research, the variables of oat flour (5, 10 and 15%) and date liquid sugar from Kaluteh dates (10, 20 and 30%) were used instead of wheat flour and sugar respectively to reduce energy intake. Cookie properties including technological indicators, crust color components and sensory characteristics were investigated. The linear effect of oat flour significantly affected moisture and porosity (p<0.0001), while the quadratic effect of date liquid sugar only affected specific volume (p<0.05). The interaction effect showed moisture and texture first increased then decreased with higher levels of both variables, while specific volume and porosity showed the opposite trend. The linear effect of oat flour decreased L* and increased a* and b* color components, while the quadratic effect of date liquid sugar increased a* and b*. The interaction effect significantly increased taste and overall acceptance in sensory evaluation. The optimal formulations were determined as 7.29% oat flour and 28.710% date liquid sugar.

Lipases are triacylglycerol hydrolases with various potential applications because of their different physical properties. Most lipase producers are extracellular in nature and are created using solid-state fermentation and submerged fermentation methods. The fungal, mycelial, and yeast lipases are produced using various solid substrates through the solid-state fermentation method. This method is cost-effective and widely used in industries to produce lipase using fungi. However, lipases from bacteria are produced using submerged fermentation. The optimization of media is a main requirement for increasing the quantitative yield by the overproduction of enzymes. The optimization of media is a main requirement for increasing the quantitative yield by overproduction of enzymes. Different parameters, such as pH, temperature, agitation speed, inoculum size, incubation time, and carbon and nitrogen sources, have been of great importance for researchers in designing economical media. The optimization by one factor at a time (OFAT) is a one-dimensional approach that is laborious and timeconsuming and does not consider interactions between the factors. The limitations of OFAT method can be alleviated by employing some techniques, such as Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM). The PBD is a method to screen the variables that influence production and remove the non-significant factors to attain a smaller and manageable set of factors. Subsequently, the chosen significant factors are optimized by RSM that assists to study the interactions of different factors. The RSM comprises of central composite design (CCD) to fit a second-order polynomial equation. In this study, the effect of temperature, tryptone, inoculum size, and incubation time on the lipase production were analysed by PBD screening experiments. The experiments were designed using a CCD with four variables as part of RSM, utilizing the Design Expert software. This model predicted optimal activity of lipase at 58. 53 U/mL when using 1. 5% tryptone, a 10 mL inoculum size, and an incubation period of 48 h at 34℃. This experiment was further validated and optimal activity of lipase of 57. 85 U/mL was observed. Thus, RSM model enhanced the production of lipase and can be applied for the maximum yield of lipase.

Cancer, a disease threatening human life, is caused by the disturbance of the normal cell cycle, which results in the spontaneous growth of normal and malignant cells, the lack of differentiation between the two, and consequently malignant growths. Nowadays, various synthetic agents are applied for cancer therapy,nevertheless, reports have confirmed that these chemical agents are associated with various adverse complications. This experimental study was designed to assess the antitumor activities of zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) green synthesized by the Astragalus maximus (A. maximus) extract against Ehrlich solid tumors (EST) in mice. To induce the EST model, 0. 2 ml of cell suspension was intramuscularly injected into the right thigh of the mice. Five days post-injection, the mice were assigned to five groups (eight mice each): EST mice treated with normal saline, EST mice orally treated with ZnNPs 10 mg/kg/day, EST mice orally treated with ZnNPs 25 mg/kg/day, and EST mice orally treated with ZnNPs 50 mg/kg/day for 14 days. Afterward, the volume of the tumor, tumor growth inhibition, body weight, tumor markers, oxidant/antioxidant markers, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha level were assessed in the tested mice. The results showed that after the treatment of EST mice with cyclophosphamide and ZnNPs at 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg, the volume of the tumor, and the serum amount of tumor markers (alpha-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen) were significantly reduced (P<0. 001). It was found that ZnNPs at 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg markedly declined oxidative markers and increased the level of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase), compared to the control group, which received normal saline (P<0. 001). To conclude, this study reported the unveiling of the anti-tumor activity of ZnNPs green synthesized by the A. maximus extract, mainly at a dose of 50 mg/kg against EST in mice. However, further supplementary studies are required to clarify all the anti-tumor aspects of these nanoparticles.

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a clinical syndrome which can observe because of acute and chronic liver disorders such as hepatitis, liver failure caused by alcohol or drugs, autoimmune diseases, metabolic diseases, cirrhosis, types of tumors and infections. We aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of β-myrcene on the improvement of hepatic encephalopathy caused by thioacetamide (TAC) in male rats. In order to induce liver failure and acute damage in the studied animals, thioacetamide was administered to rats with a dose 100 mg/kg of body weight as an intraperitoneal (IP) injection with 24 h intervals and for seven consecutive days. After oral treatment of rats with β-myrcene at doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day for 7 days, the cerebral edema (brain water content, BWC), the serum level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT) and alkaline transferase (ALP), total protein (TP), bilirubin (TB), and ammonia as well as the level oxidant-antioxidant factors of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase enzymes (SOD) were evaluated. β-myrcene dose dependently reduced the BWC in Thioacetamide-induced acute hepatic encephalopathy in rats. Treatment of the TAC rats with β-myrcene especially at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg significantly (p<0.001) moderated the serum level of these liver enzymes and ammonia compared to the untreated TAC mice. The analysis of the obtained data revealed that the treatment of the TAC rats with β-myrcene especially at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg markedly (p<0.001) reduced the oxidative stress of MDA, whereas significantly (p<0.001) increased antioxidant enzymes of SOD, CAT, and GPx. Therefore, we can conclude that the treatment of the TAC rats with β-myrcene especially at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg markedly reduced the oxidative stress of MDA, whereas significantly increased antioxidant enzymes and subsequently improved the thioacetamide-induced acute hepatic encephalopathy in rats.