Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a clinical syndrome which can observe because of acute and chronic liver disorders such as hepatitis, liver failure caused by alcohol or drugs, autoimmune diseases, metabolic diseases, cirrhosis, types of tumors and infections. We aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of β-myrcene on the improvement of hepatic encephalopathy caused by thioacetamide (TAC) in male rats. In order to induce liver failure and acute damage in the studied animals, thioacetamide was administered to rats with a dose 100 mg/kg of body weight as an intraperitoneal (IP) injection with 24 h intervals and for seven consecutive days. After oral treatment of rats with β-myrcene at doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day for 7 days, the cerebral edema (brain water content, BWC), the serum level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT) and alkaline transferase (ALP), total protein (TP), bilirubin (TB), and ammonia as well as the level oxidant-antioxidant factors of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase enzymes (SOD) were evaluated. β-myrcene dose dependently reduced the BWC in Thioacetamide-induced acute hepatic encephalopathy in rats. Treatment of the TAC rats with β-myrcene especially at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg significantly (p<0.001) moderated the serum level of these liver enzymes and ammonia compared to the untreated TAC mice. The analysis of the obtained data revealed that the treatment of the TAC rats with β-myrcene especially at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg markedly (p<0.001) reduced the oxidative stress of MDA, whereas significantly (p<0.001) increased antioxidant enzymes of SOD, CAT, and GPx. Therefore, we can conclude that the treatment of the TAC rats with β-myrcene especially at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg markedly reduced the oxidative stress of MDA, whereas significantly increased antioxidant enzymes and subsequently improved the thioacetamide-induced acute hepatic encephalopathy in rats.

DOX therapy as an anticancer agent by incorporation of either physical treatments or antioxidant supplementation. Curcuma zedoaria (Rosc) (family Zingiberaceae) is an indigenous plant with antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activity. This study investigates the potential protective activities of an ethanol extract from Curcuma zedoaria (CZE) against DOX toxicities on non-target organs. A total of 50 female Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control group (G1), DOX only (G2), CZE 350 mg/kg + DOX (G3), CZE 525 mg/kg + DOX (G4), and Vit E + DOX (G5). Daily administration of CZE was given intra-gastric for 30 days, while 5 mg/kg DOX was injected concomitantly each on days 7, 14, and 21. The results of blood biochemical analysis indicated that administration of either the single or multiple doses of DOX (G2) caused significant elevation in the blood levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, and CK-MB, indicating that the tissue damages occurred in the liver, kidney, and heart. Treatments with CZE demonstrated that ALT, AST, creatinine, and CK-MB levels remained similar to baseline levels, or no elevation was observed in all groups (G3 and G4). The oral administration of CZE in doses of 350 mg/kg and 525 mg/kg also decreased the AST/ALT ratio independent of the dose given. However, 350 mg/kg CZE indicated a faster response to protecting activities than other treatments. In conclusion, administration of a Curcuma zedoaria (Berg. ) Roscoe ethanol extract, particularly in the 350 mg/kg dose, can potentially prevent or reduce DOX's toxicities in the liver, kidney, and cardiac cells.

Background: Eating disorders have become increasingly prevalent over the years,the age at which they appear has decreased, and they can lead to serious illness or death. Therefore, the number of studies on the matter has increased. Eating disorders like anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are affected by many factors including mental illnesses that can have serious physical and psychological consequences. Accordingly, the present study aimed to compare the clinical and metabolic features of patients with AN and BN and identify potential biomarkers for distinguishing between the two disorders. Methods: Clinical data of 41 participants who sought treatment for eating disorders between 2012 and 2022, including 29 AN patients and 12 BN patients, were obtained from NPIstanbul Brain Hospital in Istanbul, Turkey. The study included the clinical variables of both outpatient and inpatient treatments. Principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to gain insights into differentiating AN and BN patients based on clinical characteristics, while machine learning techniques were applied to identify eating disorders. Findings: The study found that thyroid hormone levels in patients with AN and BN were influenced by non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS), which could be attributed to various factors, including psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, and medication use. Lipid profile comparisons revealed higher triglyceride levels in the BN group (P<0. 05), indicating increased triglyceride synthesis and storage as an energy source. Liver function tests showed lower levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in BN patients (P<0. 05), while higher prolactin levels (P<0. 05) suggested an ALTered hypothalamicpituitary-gonadal axis. Imbalances in minerals such as calcium and magnesium (P<0. 05) were observed in individuals with eating disorders. PCA effectively differentiated AN and BN patients based on clinical features, and the Naïve Bayes (NB) model showed promising results in identifying eating disorders. Conclusion: The findings of the study provide important insights into AN and BN patients’ clinical features and may help guide future research and treatment strategies for these conditions.

The main reason preventing broiler chickens from reaching their genetic potential and hurting their performance in the tropics is heat stress. This study aimed to ascertain how Justicia carnea leaf powder (JLP) supplementation affects broiler chickens’ performance, blood indices, antioxidant status, and gut microflora in tropical environments. A completely randomized method was used to assign 240 Cobb 500 broiler chicks to the experimental diets (6 replicates per diet, 10 birds per replication). Diet 1 included no supplement (negative control), diet 2 included 200 mg/kg vitamin C (positive control), diet 3 included 2,500 mg/kg JLP, and diet 4 included 5,000 mg/kg JLP. On day 42, the body weight gain (BWG) of the birds fed on diet 4 was significantly higher than those on diet 1. The packed cell volume, red blood cell count, and hemoglobin concentration of the birds fed on diets 3 and 4 were significantly higher than those of the control (P<0.05). The serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and cholesterol were lower in birds fed on diets 3 and 4, compared to those on diet 1 (P<0.05). The serum heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were lower in birds fed on diets 3 and 4, compared to those on diet 1 (P<0.05). The lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB) population was higher in birds fed on diets 3 and 4, compared to those on diet 1(P<0.05). However, the Coliform bacteria population was reduced in birds fed on diets 3 and 4, compared to those on diet 1. The 2,500 and 5,000 mg/kg JLP dietary supplementations enhanced BWG, improved erythrogram indices, and reduced blood AST, ALT, cholesterol, HSP 70, 8-OHdG, and caeca Coliform population but increased the caeca LAB population.

Selenium (Se) is a mineral that is often used as a dietary supplement. Its deficiency has been associated with fertility disorders, as well as imbalances and inhibition of the immune system. This study aimed to estimate the role of organic selenium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in improving kids' status, heALTh, and physiological conditions. In total, 10 goat kids at seven days were used, with an average started life body weight (b.wt.) of 4±0.2 kg, and they were divided into two groups. Group 1 (G1) was treated with Se-fortified yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae+Se) with a dose (30 mg/kg) of body weight. On the other hand, group 2 (G2) was the control group and left untreated. The treatment was started from 7 days of age until three months of age. The kids were administered orally daily for three months of the experiment. The jugular vein was used to draw blood samples within 90 days of the experiment to measure RBC, Hb, PCV, and WBC. Blood serum was separated using a centrifuge to estimate ALT, AST, total protein, Albumin, and Globulin concentrations. The results revealed that Hb, PCV, and Globulin were increased significantly in the G1 (P≤0.05), compared to the control group. Moreover, AST was improved, compared to the control group. These results showed that using yeast fortified with organic Se has improved hematological and biochemical parameters' concentration.

Coastal waters in northern part of Hormuz Strait receive large inputs of anthropogenic pollutants. This study was conducted to determine the effects of environmental contaminants on plasma enzymes, thyroid hormones and biochemical blood parameters of Periophthalmus argentilineatus to monitor marine pollution from northern part of Hormuz strait. For this purpose, a total of 90 specimens were collected from three estuarine stations (30 specimens for each station) including Shour-e-aval (first station,St1), Souro (second station,St2) and Bustanoo (third station,St3) and some blood plasma indices, such as aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose (GLU), cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TRIG), and thyroid hormones including triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured. Results showed that the plasma enzymes levels were significantly higher in fish from the polluted location (Bustanoo,station 3). Concentrations of thyroid hormones and also the glucose and cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the samples from the station 3 (p<0. 05). Due to the negative impact of pollutants on biochemical and hormonal functions of blood serum of resident species, including P. argentilineatus, this species can be used as a bioindicator of pollution in northern part of Hormuz Strait.

Background: Several animal studies have shown the protective effect of silymarin (the extract of Silybum marianum seeds) against anti‑, tuberculosis drug‑, induced hepatotoxicity (ATDH). However, the knowledge of ATDH of silymarin in humans is scarce. In this study, we aimed to clinically evaluate it. Methods: During this randomized controlled clinical trial, 36 new cases of tuberculosis (TB) were enrolled to receive either silymarin 150 mg twice daily for two weeks along with a standard anti‑, TB therapeutic regimen (experimental group,n = 16) or standard anti‑, TB therapeutic regimen alone (control group,n = 21). Liver function tests (serum AST, ALT, ALP, and total bilirubin) at the end of weeks 1 and 2 as well as the rate of ATDH during the study were determined and compared between the groups. Results: No significant differences between the experimental and control groups were observed at the end of the first week regarding liver function tests,However, at the end of the second week, the mean serum levels of AST (P = 0. 03) and ALP (P = 0. 04) were significantly lower in the experimental group. ALT (P = 0. 016) and ALP (P = 0. 027) levels in the experimental group significantly decreased during the study, while the changes in the control group were not significant. Two patients in the control group (9. 5%) developed ATDH, while no one in the experimental group manifested this adverse effect. Conclusions: Our study suggests that silymarin use has the potential for the reduction of anti‑, TB drug‑, induced hepatotoxicity.

This study aimed to combined effects of salinity and ammonia on physiological responses, liver enzymes, P450 gene expression, and gill and liver Histopathological of juvenile stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus). To this end, a two-stage experiment was carried out. At the first stage, the lethal concentration (LC50 96h) of ammonia in salinities 0 ppt: 7. 42 mgL-1, 4ppt: 8. 24 mgL-1, 8ppt: 9. 60 mgL-1, and 12 ppt: 10. 22mgL-1 to juveniles of stellate sturgons was determined. At the second stage, 360 juveniles of stellate sturgeons (with a mean weight and length of 15. 23±2. 17 g and 17±1. 96 cm) were exposed to half (50%) median lethal concentration (LC50-96h) (3. 71, 4. 12, 4. 80, and 5. 11 mgL-1) under the same salinities for 4 days (8 treatments with 3 replicates a piece). Maximum blood indices (CBC) were observed in combined treatments with salinity and ammonia (P≤0. 05). Blood stress indicators (Cortisol, Glucose, Lactate) and blood serum immunity indices (IgM, Lysozyme, Total Immunoglobulin) decreased and increased significantly with increasing salinity and ammonia in combination treatments, respectively (P≤0. 05). The activity of GPX and SOD antioxidant enzymes increased in combined salinity and ammonia treatments but CAT decreased (P≤0. 05). liver enzyme levels of ALT and AST in the blood serum of juvenile of stellate sturgeons increased in combined salinity and ammonia treatments(P≤0. 05). But a significant decrease in the levels of ALP and LDH enzymes was observed (P≤0. 05). The highest gill damage was observed in salinity of 12 p p t and also combined treatment of salinity of 12 p p t with ammonia. The most widely noticed symptoms included, Necrosis of Secondary lamellae, Disruption of cartilaginous core. Destruction of the pilar apparatus and congestion in the lamellae, Necrosis of primary lamellae and Fusion of some secondary lamellae. Liver tissue of juvenile stellate sturgeons (A. stellatus) was severely affected by high salinity alone and with ammonia. Complications such as Melanomacrophage center, Necrosis, Sinusoid and Karyolysis were more common. The hepatic P450 gene expression increased from Treatment 5 through Treatment 8 (p<0. 05), as the highest gene expression was related to Treatment 8. This suggests that exposure to ammonia along with salinity stress activates the body's internal defense system. Therefore, brackish or saline water at concentrations (ammonia concentrations obtained at different salinities) proposed in this study can be used in aquaculture systems for the juveniles of stellate sturgeon. Moreover, Obtained concentrations of ammonia at different salinities in this study can help the organizations in charge of stock enhancement find the best places for introducing starry sturgeons to a lake or

Background: Fatty liver disease is rising as the most common liver disease in recent years. One of the new approaches to manage the disease is the use of intelligent systems. The recommender system is increasingly utilized in managing chronic conditions. This study was performed to identify the common data elements and features of a recommender system for people living with fatty liver. Methods: This study was a narrative review exploring the minimum data set for a recommender system in fatty liver disease. We aimed to review the current literature evidence to comprehend the specific requirements of the related knowledge. The search was carried out in November 2020 using PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases. We searched the keywords including fatty liver, liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, intelligent, smart system, recommender system, minimum data set, data element, and data requirements. Results: A review of the articles showed that the most common data elements of the administrative category were sex/gender (n=22), age (n=22), and ethnic group/race (n=8). We also identified the clinical data elements and technical features of a recommender system for people living with fatty liver. Based on the findings of this study, “, diabetes and glucose status”,(n=18), “, AST”,(n=15), “, BMI”,(n=13), and “, ALT”,(n=13) were the most frequent data elements of clinical category. Furthermore, “, predicting and identifying”,(n=8) was the most common technical feature mentioned in the reviewed articles. Conclusion: We determined the common elements and features of a recommender system in three different categories: clinical data elements, demographic data elements, and technical capabilities. Using these requirements, it is possible to structure data gathering, medication adherence, and communication with heALThcare providers in a standard manner. It is suggested that appropriate policies and national grants be adopted to identify and prioritize a minimum data set to support the heALThcare services of people living with chronic conditions.

Background: The most common etiology for patients with acute abdominal pain presenting in emergency departments is acute appendicitis. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of liver enzymes in early diagnosis of acute appendicitis and prediction of its complications. Methods: 176 patients with the chief complaint of abdominal pain presented in the emergency departments were enrolled in this study. All included patients underwent standard approach for acute abdomen with target focus for appendicitis. Samples for serum levels of ALT and AST on arrival have been arranged for all included. Patients were evaluated for appendicitis and diagnosis confirmed by histopathology. AST, ALT variables and confirmed diagnosis of acute appendicitis, and related complications have been evaluated for any correlations using Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Based on the results, 67 simple, 24 complicated appendicitis, and 85 cases of normal appendix were evaluated. The mean AST was significantly different in normal, simple appendicitis, and complicated groups (p=0. 019), but the mean ALT failed to show a significant difference. The differential test showed that there was a significant difference between the two appendicitis groups and the normal group in AST (p<0. 05), but not between the two appendicitis groups. The p-values of AST and ALT were 0. 17 and 0. 2, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that increased AST may be increased in simple/complicated appendicitis in contrast to normal group, but regarding AUC curve data, AST and ALT fail to have the necessary diagnostic accuracy and efficiency to diagnose acute appendicitis and predict its complications.