Vaccination is considered the most effective, environmentally friendly and cost-effective way of protecting commercial finfish species against infectious diseases with high economic impacts. Efficacy of a new inactivated VNN vaccine through heat-inactivated nervous necrosis virus (NNV) combined with three types of adjuvants was assessed in 7 g juvenile of Acipenser stellatus Pallas, 1771 as a laboratory model. Ten groups of 30 numerical were considered in 18 aquariums using both immersion and injection routes in the form of 4 types of vaccines. Vaccination was performed in two stages one month apart, and one month after the second replication, exposure to the live virus was performed. During this period, the mortality rate of immersion and injection groups was 12. 9% and 19. 8%, respectively, compared to 100% mortality in the control group. Sampling was performed in four stages before the first vaccination in the adaptation period, after the first vaccination, after the second replication and after exposure to live virus. Blood samples were measured to evaluate changes in blood factors (red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hematocrit and hemoglobin) and immunity factors (immunoglobulin, superoxide dismutase, lysozyme). In order to prove the virulence of the viral sample (supernatant) used in exposure, the pathogenicity of VNN virus isolated from infected Caspian Sea mullet with (TCID50 ) was examined in several guppies. One month after the second repetition of fish, all treatments were exposed to the acute virus sample (supernatant) and after one month, their survival percentage, blood factors and safety were measured. The results of this study showed that immersion vaccination in the vaccinated group containing IMS 1312 SEPPIC adjuvant significantly showed higher levels of IgM compared to other groups equal to 0/35 (P<0. 05). This is consistent with the results of hemoglobin 40. 6 (P<0. 05), which proves the better efficacy of this type of vaccine compared to other vaccines tested in this study. Based on the results of this study, a vaccine killed with 75% IMS 1312 SEPPIC adjuvant can be recommended for vaccination against VNN.

Yersiniosis is the second important bacterial infections in coldwater fish culture with significant mortalities and economical losses in the Iranian fish farms. In the present study, the effect of extracellular proteins (ECP) on protective immunity of Y. ruckeri vaccine was evaluated in juvenile rainbow trout (7±1. 2 g). For this purpose, 540 specimens of juvenile rainbow trout were randomly divided into 6 groups each in triplicates. Group 1 (G1) and Group 2 (G2) were orally administrated with formalin killed cells (FKC) and FKC+ECP, respectively. Groups 3 to 5 received ECP, FKC, ECP+FKC via intraperitoneal route, respectively. Group 6 received phosphate buffer saline as the control group. The humoral antibody responses to bacterial antigens were monitored by ELISA. LD50 of Y. ruckeri was determined used probit method sixty days after vaccination. Then, fish in each treatment were challenged intraperitoneally (I. P) with LD50 of Y. ruckeri virulent registered strain in Iran (KCW 291153). The ELISA results indicated that ECP could increase the serum ELISA antibody titer as the humoral immune response, but ECP with the FKC could increase antibody levels significantly in serum and intestine mucus. Also survival rates in G1 to G6 were 25, 31. 25, 37. 5, 56. 25, 87. 5 and 15 percent, respectively. Among I. P immunized fish the survival rate in G5 was significantly higher than the other groups. Although in orally vaccinated fish with FKC (G1) survival rate did not show significant difference with the control group, the FKC /ECP group (G2) showed a significant increase compared to control group (p=0. 039). It was concluded that supplementing FKC with ECP increased protective immunity of Yersiniosis vaccine principally in I. P. route. Given the great benefits of the oral vaccine, whole cell/ECP can be considered as a protective antigen to design potential vaccines against this pathogenic micro-organism.

Vibrio alginolyticus causes severe health problems in marine fish production each year. Among various therapeutic strategies, vaccination is the most economic, efficient and environmentally-friendly approach against microbial infections. Evaluation of formalin-killed Vibrio alginolyticus vaccine aquired from native isolates was carried out using a total of 200 Asian seabass juveniles (55±6. 43 g), which were divided among three groups, including (I) control (non-vaccinated), (II) vaccinated with killed V. alginolyticus and (III) killed vaccine with oral booster. Fish were vaccinated intraperitoneally. Blood samples were taken from fish in each group at three, five, and eight weeks after immunization to assess the antibody levels against V. alginolyticus infection. The efficacy of the killed vaccine was appraised five weeks after the start of the initial vaccination by challenging with twofold LD50 (3. 66×108) equivalent of the live suspension of V. alginolyticus through intraperitoneal injection. The results of ELISA showed that there were not any significant differences in antibody response among different groups before vaccination (p>0. 05). Also, the mean antibody titer of the group immunized killed-V. alginolyticus with oral booster was significantly higher than the other groups five weeks after the vaccination. The vaccined fish demonstrated higher survival rates than the control with relative percent survival (RPS) of 84. 62 and 76. 92%, respectively. It is concluded that vaccination could be an effective method to protect farmed Asian sea bass against vibriosis caused by pathogenic V. alginolyticus.

Biomarkers play an essential role since they are good predictor factors for several diseases. Accordingly, we attempted to assess the level of Osteocalcin and Osteonectin in patients suffering from periodontitis in type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to healthy control. 120 male persons were included in the current study collected from the Albaladyat specialist center for dentistry in Iraq. Patients have been divided into three groups (30 patients with type2 Diabetic Mellitus, 30 patients with periodontitis, 30 patients with Diabetic Mellitus with periodontitis), and 30 healthy subjects in a control group. Clinical periodontal parameters were determined for all the studied groups. Additionally, serum was collected from each subject to determine Osteocalcin and Osteonectin levels by the ELISA method.  The results revealed a significant difference between study groups and controls regarding the levels of Osteonectin and Osteonectin at the P-value (0.003 and 0.0001). Moreover, the current study results showed a direct association between each of Osteonectin, Osteocalcin with clinical periodontitis parameters. Moreover, analysis by the ROC curve showed that both Osteonectin and Osteocalcin might represent the strongest markers for diagnosis of periodontitis in diabetic patients. Levels of the studied biomarkers suggest suitable biomarkers for early detection of the sixth diabetic complication (periodontitis).

Background: Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent chronic neurodegenerative disorders. The present study aims to better understand the mechanism by which Citrus aurantium (C. aurantium) and Lavandula angustifolia (L. angustifolia) hydro–alcoholic extracts were used to treat AD and anti­–oxidant issues in a laboratory model. Methods: 15 male Wistar rats, weighing 250±20 gr, aged 6–8 weeks, were used. Amyloids in the brain were found and identified using the shuttle box and Congo red test. ELISA testing for norepinephrine and serotonin, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Malondialdehyde (MDA), and Real–time PCR for expression of the APP and GLT1 genes were done. Results: The shuttle box test demonstrated that AD produces behavioral harm, since it significantly reduces passive avoidance learning. The Congo red test revealed that the AD models had much more amyloid beta in their brain tissue than the control. Norepinephrine levels were also decreased by using both extracts in test group. Treatment with both extracts led to a substantial rise in SOD activity and fall in MDA concentration. Conclusion: The gene expression data indicated that the relative expression of the APP and GLT1 genes was shown to be lower in the groups treated with both extracts. C. aurantium and L. angustifolia may therefore offer a multi–target treatment strategy for AD, which calls for more research in this area.

Background: The synchronous expression of antigen and adjuvant proteins in plant hosts presents an intriguing potential for vaccine production and the enhancement of appropriate immune responses. In this study, we examined the expression of bioactive murine interferon-gamma (mIFN-γ) along with HBsAg in tobacco and lettuce leaves aimed to further perform the analysis of immune responses in the mouse model. Methods: Monocistronic and bicistronic cassettes, carrying genes encoding mIFN-γ and HBsAg in various orders, were constructed. These cassettes were placed under the control of the 35S CaMV promoter and included the 5ʹ leader sequence of Tobacco Ech Virus (TEV). Through Agrobacterium infiltration, the cassettes were transferred into plant leaves. The concentration of mIFN-γ in different constructs and HBsAg was tested by ELISA. Murine IFN-γ was characterized through Western blotting, and its bioactivity was evaluated by assessing the up-regulation of MHC class II in macrophages derived from mouse bone marrow. Results: Extracts of agroinfiltrated leaves contained recombinant mIFN-γ and HBsAg proteins at about 14 unit/mg and 50 ng/mg of soluble protein, respectively. Subsequently, mIFN-γ was purified from the plant extract and its ability to up-regulate MHC class II in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages was confirmed by immunofluorescence. Conclusion: The co-expression of recombinant HBsAg and mIFN-γ using TEV 5ʹ leader-based cassettes in tobacco and lettuce leaves produced both proteins with active mIFN-γ in different concentrations. The attractive utility and feasibility of using plant transient co-expression systems aimed to co-delivery of vaccine antigen and appropriate cytokine to elicit immune response for different applications.

Background: Vaccines are the most effective way to prevent Coronavirus 2 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). This study examines and compares the efficiency of AstraZeneca, Sinopharm, and Sputnik vaccines and the correlation of antibody response with age, sex, and history of corona disease in employees of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Methods: 202 participants were included, of which 82 were administered the AstraZeneca, 59 were given the Sinopharm, and 61 were given the Sputnik vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibody levels were checked four weeks after passing the second dose of all three vaccines using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Results: There was no significant difference between the amount of IgM and IgG antibodies among three vaccines (p=0. 056). For all three vaccines, gender and age did not significantly affect the amount of IgM and IgG antibodies. The history of infection with COVID-19 increased the antibody response (p>0. 5). Conclusion: The titer of IgM and IgG antibodies were not statistically significantly different. The IgM and IgG antibodies produced by vector-based vaccines are higher than the Sinopharm vaccine. Gender did not affect the produced antibody titer. No significant linear relationship was found between age and antibody titer. In people from this study who received two doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine and had a corona history, the average amount of both IgM and IgG antibodies was measured more than the other participants