It is believed that the marine animals contain many compounds that could be beneficial for the treatment of many diseases. In this study, the acetone extract of Stichopus hermanni was fractionated by a liquid chromatography and then fractions were assayed for terpenoids. The fraction C18 that received a positive response for terpenoids was purified further and characterized by the liquid chromatography, mass spectral, and Thin-layer chromatography analysis. A terpenoid compound, squalene, was identified as the constituent of the bioactive extract fraction. Antimicrobial activity of C18-3 was tested against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Nocardia brasiliensis pathogens. The lowest MIC and MBC values were observed in the Bacillus cereus (50 µg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (500 µg/mL), MIC and MFC the fungal pathogen Candida albicans (400 and 2000 μg/mL) and was cytotoxic against KB/ C152 and HUT-78/C185 cells (IC50 6. 1 μg/mL and 6. 29 μg/mL). This research suggests S. hermanni can be used as an alternative source for the separation and purification of squalene compound as a medicinal supplement.

To investigate the inoculation effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens and native mycorrhizal fungus on growth, morphological characteristics and essential oil percentage of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen., an experiment was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design with 5 treatments and 3 replications in Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Understudied treatments were included as Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. fluorescens and Rhizophagus clarus, P. fluorescens and Funneliformis badium, P. fluorescens and Acaulospora laevis, and control. According to the results, all treatments had a positive effect on thyme growth and P. fluorescens treat had the most essential oil percent. The results showed that all treatments had a significant effect on root volume, with the highest one in the treatment of F. badium and P. fluorescens (36.25 ml). The highest mean weight of dry and fresh root and dry plant belonged to A. laevis and P. fluorescens (p≤ 0.05) (, 13 g, 6.9 g and 32.25 g). This result confirms the synergistic relationship between P. fluorescens and A. laevis. The most amount of colonization was observed in R. clarus and P. fluorescens (94.9%). The results indicated that the synergistic intraction between P. fluorescens and native mycorrhizal fungus has different effects on morphological traits of this medicinal plant and these findings can be used to enhance the growth and yield of T. kotschyanus for organic production.

Given the increase in drug resistance of microorganisms and the tendency in using medicinal plants, the present study was carried out to investigate the chemical compounds of Thymol as a constituent of essential oil and antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic bacteria and its antioxidant activity. In this study, the chemical compounds of Thymol extracted from the two parts of the plant together (the leaves and stems) were performed by making use of gas chromatography and the other gas chromatography linked to the mass spectrograph and its antibacterial activity against Ecoli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Salmonella Paratyphi B, Salmonella Typhi typhus and Enterococci through Microdilution and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were investigated. The antioxidant activity of essential oils was measured through the ability of essential oil compounds in decolorizing diphenyl picrilhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. Chemical analysis of thyme essential oil resulted in the identification of 23 (83.68%) compounds, which Thymol with 25.30% was considered as the main part of the essential oil compound. The highest inhibitory effect was imposed on Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, and the largest inhibitory zone diameter of essential oil appeared against growth S. paratyphi B. Concerning the results, total phenol was equal to 114.3 mg of gallic acid.g and IC50 of thyme was considered to be 49.94 μM/ml. The achieved results from this study declared that thyme essential oil had a suitable inhibitory effect against pathogenic bacteria and also possessed antioxidant properties. In other words, thyme was considered as an alternative to synthetic drugs and food additives.

This study reports the green synthesis and eco-friendly preparation of the magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) using an aqueous extract of Qazwan (Pistacia atlantica) seeds as natural stabilizers and capping agents. The green Fe3O4 NPs were characterized with different characterization techniques such as Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-vis) Spectrometry, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) Equipped with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) spectrophotometry. The UV-Vis spectrum and FT-IR were used to identify the biomolecules in the Qazwan seeds extract for green synthesized Fe3O4 NPs. The XRD, TEM, and SEM demonstrated the generation of  Fe3O4 NPs with an average diameter of 14-15 nm. The Williamson-Hall and the Scherrer equation obtained the crystalline size for Fe3O4 NPs, respectively, 6.43 and 14.22 nm which confirmed the effects of both crystallite size and strain. Additionally, the antibacterial and antifungal activity of synthesized Fe3O4 NPs was tested, which revealed that NPs had moderate antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis), gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanni, and Klebsiella pneumonia) and Candida albicans pathogenic fungal strains at different concentrations of Fe3O4 NPs (1.0 to 20 mg/mL) with average inhabitation zone of (8 to 22 mm).

In this study, a novel bicomponent nanomaterial has been designed to be used as an antibacterial effective wound dressing for dry wounds. These nanofibers' wound dressing successfully have been produced by coaxial electrospinning method feeding neat polylactic acid into the core and thermoplastic polyurethane-silver nanoparticles into the shell. In addition to examining the antibacterial and cytotoxicity properties of the designed polymeric nanomaterials, physical and chemical characterization studies have been also carried out. It has been determined that the 10% silver nanoparticles doped bicomponent nanomaterial had the thinnest smooth nanofibers with 1127 nm value, the highest hydrophobic behavior with 131° contact angle value, the highest tensile strength with 2.53 MPa value, and the highest flexibility with 66.84% value. In addition, 10% and 5% silver nanoparticles doped bicomponent nanofibers have been indicated to have high cell viability with values of about 90% and 80% respectively. It has been emphasized that these bicomponent electrospun mats, which have been improved for dry wounds can be used as a 100% antibacterial effective wound dressing against escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa if it is renewed every 24 hours.

In this work, chalcones were synthesized by condensing ketone containing azo dye with aromatic aldehyde derivative (Vanillin) at room temperature and in a diluted ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution. The subsequent reaction of chalcone with urea, thiourea, hydrazine hydrate, and hydroxylamine hydrochloride led to the synthesis of novel heterocyclic derivatives including oxazine, thiazine, pyrazol, and isoxazole, respectively. After that, the effect of these compounds was studied on gram-positive (Staphylococcus Epiderimidis, Pseudomonas, and gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae and E.Coli) bacteria. The (FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR) spectroscopies were used to characterize each of the synthesized compounds.

Introduction: The main objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition of the aerial part of the essential oil and the hydrosol extract of Inula viscosa which has never been studied and to compare their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties in vitro. This was done in order to identify new biologically active agents.Materials and Methods: The essential oil and hydrosol extract were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Antimicrobial activity was tested against three bacteria and two fungi. The antioxidant activities were assessed using three different methods: radical scavenging activity (DPPH), the β-carotene bleaching test, and Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the protein denaturation method.Results: The essential oil of Inula viscosa was composed mainly of hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (52.6%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (47.0%), while the hydrosol extract was mainly composed of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (86.6%). The results of the biological activities showed that the hydrosol extract exhibited an interesting antioxidant activity, nearly equivalent to the synthetic antioxidant BHT. Furthermore, the hydrosol extract displayed very good anti-inflammatory activity, with an IC50 of 0.51 g/L, in comparison to diclofenac sodium (IC50 = 0.63 g/L). The hydrosol extract also exhibited antimicrobial activity and acted as an effective inhibitor of Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida ATCC 26960, and Candida ATCC 10231 microorganisms.Conclusions: The hydrosol extract of I. viscosa make this specie a potential alternative natural for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries. It can be utilized in the treatment of diseases involving oxidative stress as well as in the treatment of microbial and inflammatory infections.

In search for bioactive products, three zoanthid species (Zoanthus spp., Palythoa tuberculosa and Palythoa mutuki) were collected from offshore zone of Hengam Island. Three extracts of each zoanthids (methanol, dichloromethane (DCM) and n-hexane) were tested for antifungal and antibacterial activities against certified strains of bacteria (two Gram-positive: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and three Gram-negative: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris) and fungi (Candida albicans, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum canis) through the disk diffusion assay. Cytotoxic activity of these extracts was evaluated against Artemia nauplii. The results showed that 8 extracts (88. 88%) of the zoanthids were active against at least one bacterial strain and 6 extracts (66. 6%) were active against at least one fungus (the activity against bacteria was moderate). Also, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts with desirable (inhibition zone more than 9mm) in the previous stage were assessed. Among the 9 zoanthids extract, 88. 88% showed activity against some of the five bacteria, and 66. 6% showed activity against some of the three fungi. The most active zoanthid extract against three fungi was dichloromethane extract of the Zoanthus ssp. that showed promising antifungal activity against Candida albicans in vitro models. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and LC50 values of dichloromethane extract of Zoanthus ssp were 125μg/mL and 181μg/mL, respectively. Therefore, this extract can be a candidate for candidiasis therapy. LC50 of DCM, crude extract of Palythoa mutuki was 31µg/ml, showing high toxicity. This is the first report of biological activities of marine zoanthids from an Iranian Island of Persian Gulf.