Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii), the etiological agent of the Q fever disease, ranks among the most sporadic and persistent global public health concerns. Ruminants are the principal source of human infections and diseases present in both acute and chronic forms. This bacterium is an intracellular pathogen that can survive and reproduce under acidic (pH 4 to 5) and harsh circumstances that contain Coxiella-containing vacuoles. By undermining the autophagy defense system of the host cell, C. burnetii is able to take advantage of the autophagy pathway, which allows it to improve the movement of nutrients and the membrane, thereby extending the vacuole of the reproducing bacteria. For this method to work, it requires the participation of many bacterial effector proteins. In addition, the precise and prompt identification of the causative agent of an acute disease has the potential to delay the onset of its chronic form. Moreover, to make accurate and rapid diagnoses, it is necessary to create diagnostic devices. This review summarizes the most recent research on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis approaches of C. burnetii. This study also explored the complicated relationships between C. burnetii and the autophagic pathway, which are essential for intracellular reproduction and survival in host cells for the infection to be effective.

This study developed for synthesis of some novel photocatalytic nanocomposites from nano graphitic carbon nitride(g-C3N4), nano bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) and nano-graphene oxide (NGO) due to degradation of methylene blue dye as an organic pollutant in waste water. These synthesized novel ternary nanocomposites including BiC80/GO, BiC80/GO, BiC80/GO and BiC80/GO which characterized by FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD, PL, TGA, FESEM, and EDS to study of thermal stability, surface morphology, and purity of nanocomposites. The degradation efficiency (D%) for nano materials and novel ternary nanocomposites, under the visible light irradiation in a time period of 180 min was investigated in this work. The optimum conditions obtained for preparation of ternary nanocomposites BiC80/GO (20 mg), are 50 mg catalyst and 5 ppm dye concentration at 35 °C in pH 12.

Arsenic (As) contamination in natural water resources has become a great disaster throughout the world posing serious health problems. The current study was performed to evaluate the protective effects of Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) against As exposure in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Fish were fed three times a day with 4.00% of body weight of diet with different doses (0.00, 1.00 × 106, 1.00 × 107 and 1.00 × 108 CFU g-1) of EcN for 80 days and then, challenged with 20.00 mg L-1 As for 96 hr under stagnant flow. Physicochemical characteristics of the inlet water were temperature of 25.10 ± 0.70 ˚C, pH of 7.30 ± 0.20 and dissolved oxygen of 7.30 ± 0.30 mg L-1 and 50.00% of water was exchanged once a week. Afterwards, fish were euthanized with a clove oil solution (50.00 μL L-1) and tissues were dissected from each fish and immediately fixed in 10.00% buffered formalin. The histopathological results indicated that the supplemented EcN did not have any side effects on various organs. It was also observed that the damages to kidney, liver, gill and skin were pronounced in fish exposed to As. However, the histopathological damages induced by As in fish tissues were less pronounced in the EcN-treated groups compared to the fish fed with the basal diet. Lamellar blood congestion in gills and epidermal cells detachment from the skin surface as well as hepatocytes, enterocytes and tubular necrosis were reduced in treated groups. These findings indicate that EcN has the potential to ameliorate the As-induced organ toxicity.

One common method of protecting carbon steel against corrosion is the use of organic compounds. The goals of the research are to assess the corrosion resistance of coumarin sulfonamides containing imine and phosphine imine. 4, 7-dimethyl coumarin was reacted with chloro sulfonic acid to produce 4,7-dimethyl-6-chlorosulphonyl coumarin [B], which was then reacted with hydrazine hydrate [C] to obtain the corresponding sulfonyl hydrazide. Finally, Schiff base derivatives were created by treating the coumarin with various aromatic aldehydes. Also, Sulfonyl azide coumarin derivative was produced by reacting [B] with sodium azide then Sulfonyl azide coumarin derivative reacts with triphenyl phosphine P(Ph)3 to form corresponding phosphinimine coumarin. Chemical and physical characterization tests were used to investigate and determine the most corrosion-resistant compound among all the produced compounds. Structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated on the basis of Rƒ, FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, which agreed with the proposed structures. All synthesized compounds were found to have exhibited corrosion resistance in HCl solutions in different temperatures (293, 303, and 313 K). AFM demonstrated that [M6] compounds decreased carbon steel surface roughness to 59.28 nm. The FESEM indicated that the blank sample's surface was extensively corroded, excessively rough, [M6] smoothed, and reduced the damage. The EDS shows that [M6] is adsorbed on carbon steel since it contains Fe, C, O, N, and S. Physisorption deposited [M6] on the surface, according to XRD.The [M6] compound in HCl solution is the best corrosion resistance in different temperature (293, 303, and 313 K).

In this study, a new hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent was synthesized using dicarboxylic acid (adipic acid, tartaric acid, and itaconic acid) as a hydrogen bond donor and glycerol as a hydrogen bond acceptor in a molar ratio 1:2. The DESs were then employed for Liquid-Liquid MicroExtraction (LLME). The performance of this method was compared to organic solvents for the determination of Amlodipine in pure and pharmaceutical preparations, followed by spectrophotometric analysis. The effects of various influencing conditions were investigated, including pH value, reaction time and temperature, type and volume of the DES, type and volume of the disperser solvent, and centrifugation speed and duration. Under the perfect conditions, a linear range of 1.0-14.0 mg/L with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.9975 for microextraction with organic solvents, while a linear range of 1.0-16.0 mg/L with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.9985 for microextraction with DESs solvents. The limit of detection and limit quantification were 0.81 and 2.4 mg/L for microextraction using organic solvents and 0.71 and 2.19 mg/L for microextraction using DESs solvents. The suggested method is green, simple, and efficient, and can be used for the evaluation of Amlodipine in pharmaceutical formulations.

Plants have received much attention as sustainable and available sources for the preparation of biocompatible nanoparticles in recent years. The purpose of the present study is to optimize and characterize the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of Moringa Oleifera L. After simple processing of the plant, plant powder was heated at 30 °C. In the following, optimum volume of the prepared extract, was added to determined amount of gold salt (HAuCl4.3H2O) with a specific concentration, which reduced the gold (III) ions to gold atoms in nanometric dimensions and immediately changed the color of the solution to purple. To obtain gold nanoparticles with uniform shape and size, the parameters affecting the synthesis, such as pH of the reaction medium, volume of the extract, concentration of gold salt, temperature, and reaction time, were studied and optimized using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. Gold nanoparticles showed maximum absorption at 550 nm. It was found that the synthesized nanoparticles were spherical in shape and their size was between 10-40 nm. Finally, the antimicrobial properties of the nanoparticles were investigated on 4 pathogenic bacteria species by disk diffusion method, which showed that gold nanoparticles have relatively good antimicrobial activity against some bacteria.

Soil quality assessment is crucial for sustainable land management. Given the high cost and time required to measure all soil quality indicators, minimum data set (MDS) selection offers an efficient approach for accurate evaluation. This study identifies an optimal MDS and examines its spatial distribution in the Mashhad Plain. A total of 180 soil samples (0-10 cm depth) were analyzed for physical and chemical properties. The soil quality index (SQI) was computed using the weighted additive integrated quality index (IQIw) in four scenarios: total dataset-linear (IQIwL_TDS), total dataset-nonlinear (IQIwNL_TDS), minimum dataset-linear (IQIwL_MDS), and minimum dataset-nonlinear (IQIwNL_MDS). Among 11 physical and chemical properties, principal component analysis (PCA) identified sand, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), and nickel (Ni) as the MDS. IQIwL_MDS yielded the highest SQI, while IQIwNL_MDS produced the lowest. The nonlinear model (R² = 0.89) showed a stronger correlation between MDS and TDS than the linear model (R² = 0.76), underscoring the nonlinear model’s predictive accuracy. Global Moran’s I revealed a clustered spatial pattern, while Getis-Ord Gi* identified low-quality hotspots in the southern and southeastern regions, predominantly in barren lands. This study presents an innovative framework by integrating MDS selection and spatial analysis, offering a robust methodology for soil quality assessment in semi-arid regions. The findings provide valuable insights for sustainable soil management and conservation strategies in vulnerable landscapes.

Aims: This research aimed to evaluate some phytochemical characteristics of Clematis ispahanica Boiss. in two arid and semi-arid sites. Materials & Methods: After studying the climatic conditions in each site, 30plots (6m2) were established randomly– systematically for soil and plant sampling. A total of ten composite soil samples were collected from two depths (0–10 and 10-30 cm), and some of their properties were measured. Three plant samples were obtained and mixed at three Phenological stages in each site, and their secondary metabolites were determined. A comparison of soil properties between the two sites was performed using an independent-sample t-test. Phytochemical comparison of plants between two sites and three Phenological stages was performed using Factorial analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test. Correlation between soil properties and phytochemical characteristics was performed using the Pearson correlation coefficient.  Findings: The results demonstrated that C. ispahanica has higher secondary metabolites (total Phenol, total Flavonoid, and total Alkaloids) in semi–arid climates compared to arid climates. In both sites, the highest content of secondary metabolites was observed at the flowering stage (Phenolic content in Bavanat and Mehriz city’s 184.33 & 115.16 mg GAE.g. DW Ext, Flavonoid content, 32.57 & 28.37 mg QE.g DW Ext, Alkaloids content 12.89 & 5.75 mg Atr.g DW Ext,  respectively). A significant, mostly positive, correlation was observed between the phytochemical characteristics of C. ispahanica and soil pH, EC, and total Nitrogen.  Conclusion: It was concluded that heavier soil texture, semi-arid climate, and flowering stage are more suitable for C. ispahanica secondary metabolites production.

The aims of study to investigate physico-chemical properties do a proximate analysis of black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa L.) of AN-1 variety and development of value-added products by incorporating black cumin paste and powder in various proportions. Methods: The sensory evaluation of incorporating black cumin to have value-added products was performed using hedonic scale method. Physico-chemical properties of black cumin seeds were determined in the initial stage of study. Then, the proximate analysis was performed. In the second phase, Total Soluble Solids (TSS), pH, acidity, and antioxidant activity of the developed products were determined. The antioxidant activity of prepared products was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The antioxidant activity of coriander chutney was increased from 55.75 to 57.07 by increasing the fortification of black cumin paste, and in bottle gourd, Ready To Serve (RTS) was increased from 40.73 to 42.08 as by increasing the fortification of black cumin powder. Results: It was observed that level 1% incorporation of black cumin paste and RTS was found best by judges after sensory evaluation of chutney when compared to level 2 and 3% black cumin fortified paste. However, in biscuits, black cumin powder supplemented level up to 2% was found acceptable on the basis of spread factor and hardness as compared to 3 and 4% fortification powder. It was concluded that 1% black cumin paste supplemented in coriander chutney, 1% black cumin powder supplemented in bottle gourd RTS and 2% black cumin powder supplemented in biscuits, were the best selected value- added products. Conclusion: This study revealed that black cumin seeds are a potentially rich source of phytochemicals, and regular consumption of black cumin incorporated products with added value may reduce the risk of numerous diseases.