Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research
Year:2005 | Volume:3 | Issue:3 (SERIAL NUMBER 11)|Papers Count:13

Background: The use of repellents is an important mean of personal protection against biting insects, as well as for combating diseases transmission by reducing man-vector contact. Although N, N- diethyl-3-m-toluamide (DEET) has effective and commonly used, but a number of biting Diptera are tolerant to DEET. In addition, there are some concerns about the safety of DEET and their allergic and toxic effects. Therefore, attend to other repellents. This study evaluated dimethyl phthalate (DMP), which was synthetized in Iran, for protection time (PT) against Anopheles stephensi and compared its efficacy whit two repellents foreign DMP and Trench oinment, under laboratory condition.Materials and methods: This study was conducted to determine the repellent protection time and failure time (FT) by Barnard (1999) method.Results: Our results indicated that PT of Iranian DMP against An.stephensi was 274+/- 8.04 which is no significant differences whit two others repellents. There were significant differences in FT among three repellents. The FT of Iranian DMP was significantly less than two other repellents.Conclusions: Iranian DMP lotion is comparable with foreign DMP lotion, but it needs to promote and to be increased repellent FT.

Background: Paralysis of skeletal muscles, which can lead to paralysis of respiratory muscles and death, is one of the most toxic effects of organophosphates (Ops), and oximes are almost the only known antidotes that can reverse or prevent such toxic effects. In the present research work, possible reversal or preventive effect of different concentrations of the relatively new oxime (HI-6) on paraoxon-induced changes on function of skeletal muscle of chicken biventer cervices (CBC) nerve- muscle preparation were studied using twitch tension recording technique.Materials and methods: This is experimental study. For this purpose, twiches of the CBC muscle were evoked by stimulating the motor nerve at 0.1 Hz with pulses of 0.2 msec duration and a voltage of greater than that required to produce the maximum response. Twitches were recorded isotonically using Narco Biosystem.Results: Our prior findings revealed that paraoxon at a concentration of 0.1mM induces a significant increase (more than 100%) in the twitch amplitude, and therefore, this concentration was used to examine the efficacy of HI-6 to reverse or prevent such effects. HI-6 at 1000 mM could almost fully reverse (when it was used as post treatment) or prevent (when it was used as pretreatment or at the same time as toxin) the effect of paraoxon. It could also reverse or reduce this effect to about 25%, 50% and 75% at 300,100 and 30 mM, respectively. Furthermore, HI-6 at 10 mM produced no significant preventive or reversal effect. However, HI-6 alone at 1000 mM increased the twitch amplitude by about 20%.Conclusions: These data indicated that HI-6 could be recognized as an antidote of paraoxon, although it may have other effects at high concentrations.

Background: L- forms of S. aureus are cell wall -defective bacteria that grow and multiply in hypertonic media. Vancomycin is an effective antibiotic for remedy of staphylococcal infections an important inducer of L-forms. The present study investigated whether staphylococcal L-forms induction is related to concentration of vancomycin and whether these forms are stable in blood or not.Materials and methods: In this study, effect of different concentrations of vancomycin on standard strain of S.aureus (ATCC 25923) were tested; Then growth of bacteria in four media (BHI Agar, BHI broth, LPM Agar and LPM broth) were studied. After induction of L-forms in LPM broth, these forms were injected to human complete blood.Results: In bactericidal and minimal inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin, no growth of bacteria in three media was observed, but growth of bacteria in LPM broth after 72 hours was observed. Injection of S.aureus L - forms in to human blood caused changes of these forms to natural bacteria.Conclusions: The results confirm that use of one cell wall affecting Antibiotic alone for remedy of staphylococcal infections, may increase the risk of induction of L - forms and drug resistant bacteria.

Background: Phenytoin is commonly administered as an anticonvulsant agent to critically traumatic patients for seizure prophylaxis and treatment. It exhibits non-linear pharmacokinetic characteristic and requires frequent plasma level monitoring and dose adjustment. Based on the previous study, it is often difficult to achieve therapeutic levels in patients with head trauma using the recommended phenytoin dosing strategies. Therefore, we conducted a prospective, randomized study to evaluate pharmacokinetic parameters of phenytoin in patients with head trauma.Materials and methods: In this prospective randomized study, eighty-three patients were enrolled. The dosing regimen of phenytoin was designed and individualized for each patient based on available population pharmacokinetic data and was compared with the administered dose. The peak and trough concentrations of collected blood samples were determined by TDX.Results: Statistical analysis of the findings indicated that there were significant differences between administered doses of phenytoin and calculated doses based on peak and trough (P<0.0001). Additonally, our findings indicate the significant difference between previous population Vmax and Vmax obtain from this study. Furthermore, this study showed that phenytoin plasma concentrations were sub therapeutic in the majority of cases (71 %).Conclusions: It seems that blood level monitoring of phenytoin in patients with neurosurgical trauma on the basis of drug pharmacokinetic parameters such as Vmax is necessary.

Background: Trichosomoides crassicaud, a nematode of Trichuridae, maybe found in kidney, and ureters of their rats. In Iran, it is a parasite of rats, too.Materials and methods: In this laboratory study, the morphological characterization of this species from rattus spp. was compared with other reports in the world. Trichosomoides crassicauda was obtained from the bladders and ureters of two species of rattus including brown rat (R. norvegicus) and black rat (R.rattus). After trapping the rodents, they were dissected and their urinary organs were examined. In case of infectivity with Trichosomoides crassicauda, the nematode was gently removed and after clearing and staining, the details were observed by light microscope.Results: The male and female of Trichosomoides crassicauda were measured 1-3mm by length and 20-40mm by wide and 8-18mm by length and 180-250im by wide, respectively. The eggs measured 50-80 im long.Conclusions: There is a minor difference between the measurements of Trichosomoides crassicauda in current study with similar reports in the world. This difference is probably due to existence of different strains of Trichosomoides crassicauda in various geographical regions and also partly as a result of age effect.

Background: There is known association between migraine and affective disorders, but the information is sparse concerning the prevalence of the migraine in subgroups of the affective disorders. The purpose of this study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of migraine headaches in major depression disorder (MDD) patients in number of psychiatric hospitals.Materials and methods: One hundred five patients with major depression disorder in psychiatric wards of five hospitals were examined by an epidemiological study. All subjects had DSM-IV criteria for MDD. Migraine was diagnosed according to IHS-Criteria. Interviews with patients were accomplished by the physiCians. SPSS-12 was used for statistical analysis.Results: From one hundred five MDD patients 62(59%) had migraine headaches. The mean age was 41±1.3 years (range between 19-79). From 29 women 16(55.2%) and from 76 men 46(60.5%) had migraine headache. Only 15 (14.3%) subjects had graduated degree.Conclusions: Migraine headache was seen with increased frequency in the MDD population. Because the clinicat statement for missing migraine are enormous, recognition of the common co-morbidity of migraine headaches with MDD is essential from point of the possibility of using the association of MDD with migraine to study both the pathophysiology and genetics of these affective disorders.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most common urogenital disease and the second common infectious disease in childhood. Appropriate, adequate and on time treatment result in cure and prevention of renal scar. The aim of this study is determining the frequency of the bacterial agents in urinary tract infection in patients (age < 18 y) and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern.Materials and methods: This study was a retrospective cross sectional (Discriptive - Analytic) study that included all of the recorded urine culture and antibiograms in Ekbatan Medical center in 2004 - 2005.Results: 156 patients including girls (74.7%) and boys (25.6%) with positive urine culture and antibiograms were studied. The most common age group in boys was 1-24m and 6-18y (40%), and in girls 1-24m (34.5%). The most sensitive antibiotics were Nitrofurantion, Ciprofloxacin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Nalidixic Acid, Ceftizoxime, Co-Trimoxazole, Ceftriaxone and Tobramycin, respectively. The most resistant antibiotics were Ampicilline and Tetracycline.Conclusions: This study suggests that useful antibiotics in different situation such as: Nitrofurantion, Ciprofloxacin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Nalidixic Acid, Ceftizoxime, Co-Trimoxazole, Ceftriaxone and Tobramycin.

Background: As some of the mortality and morbidity of infants who are less than one year, is related to contamination with Toxoplasma gondii parasite during fetal time, the aim of this survey is to study the prevalence Toxoplasmosis in infants visited Taleghani medical center during 1379-1380.Materials and methods: In this survey the sera of 106 and 104 newborn infants from 1 day to 1 month who were suspected to congenital Toxoplasmosis and were hospitalized in infantile ward of Taleghani hospital were evaluated for lgM and lgG specific antibodies with ELlSA and IFA techniques, respectively. Results: According to the results of IFA technique, if the 1/100 is the minimum titer for specific IgM antibody against Toxoplasmosis, 5 infants were positive and if 1/200 is the minimum titer for specific Ig G antibody against Toxoplasmosis, 41 infants were positive. 6 infants had specific Ig M antibody and 38 infants had specific IgG antibody against Toxoplasmosis by ELlSA technique.Conclusions: As a whole, 6 infants (5.66%) were positive which were suggested congenital Toxoplasmosis. With deletion of 6 infected infants, the prevalence of chronic Toxoplasmosis between the mother whose infants was confined in Taleghani hospital was 34 percent by IFA and 30.2 percent by ELlSA technique.

Background: Providing health and medical services in any division needs a comprehensive and appropriate knowledge of the actual condition. On the other hand, it is based under valid information. This study aimed to define the demand rate of society for medical services provider by physicians in Golestan province.Materials and methods: This was across-sectional descriptive-analytical study being performed in four seasons within the years 1380 to 1381 in urban and rural areas of Golestan province. The study population was 9479 being selected via cluster sampling. The smallest unit was family. The data was collected by questionnaire. The data form consist of information about individual characteristics, medical history, history of hospitalization, history of visiting physicians, the specialty of visited physicians, etc. The data was collected trained interviewers. Analysis and judgment of diseases was based on interviews being performed two weeks before and three months after the study.Results: The mean age was 25.63±18.1 the disease percentage was 24.9%. The percentage of physicians for treatment was 61.1% and 38.9% of patients didn't seek medical advices. Among diseases infectious diseases were the most common complaint of patients (42.6%). Psychiateric diseases (13.3%) and internal diseases (12%) made up sunsequent ranking most patients were treated by general physicians (>85%). 1.4% of patients at the history of hospitalization who the most were males.Conclusions: The results show that a considerable population of the society cannot use medical services properly. Infectious diseases are the most common complaint of visiting patients and general physicians had the most important role in the treatment of patients.