SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH IRANIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL
Year:2009 | Volume:4 | Issue:5 (22)|Papers Count:17

This retrospective study was related to Gilan, Golestan and Mazandaran provinces to assess epidemiological situation of human and animal rabies and bitten humans during 1996-2007. Data analysis was performed by Regression analysis and Chi-square test using SPSS software. The results of this study indicated that during these eleven years, 1249 cases of animal rabies have occurred in the Caspian sea littoral (716 cases from Golestan, 369 cases from Mazandaran and 164 cases from Gilan). Descending trend in incidence of animal rabies was obvious. Rabies was observed in 18 species of the domestic and wild mammalian in this region. The most relative frequencies of animal rabies belonged to wolves and dogs. In the Golestan and Mazandaran, unlike Gilan, sylvatic type of rabies was dominant. The highest distribution of animal rabies was found in Gonbad, Minoodasht, Bandar Torkaman and Nour cities. According to seasonal distribution, 27.4%, 22.7%, 26.9% and 23% of cases in spring, summer, autumn and winter occurred respectively. Among the 175843 animal bites in Caspian sea, 22%, 32.5% and 45.5% of them belonged to Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan respectively. Ascending trend in incidence of animal bites was obvious. During this time, six human fatalities due to rabies were reported, 100% male, 83% of them were bitten by dogs and 17% by foxes. The average incubation period was 100 days. The mean age of victims was 26.2 years. Due to the frequency of wolf and dog rabies in Caspian sea littoral and movement of these animals to cities and villages, public health authority's notification for disease control seems in order.

In the present study, the effect of vitamin C was evaluated on pain and edema induced by formalin and histamine in male Wistar rats. Normal saline (control) and vitamin C were intraperitoneally injected prior to injection of histamine and formalin. Pain and edema were induced by subcutaneous injection of 50 ml of formalin and histamine at the same concentration of 1% into the hind paw. Pain response including licking and biting of the injected paw was recorded at 5 min intervals for a total of 1h. For evaluation of edema, the thickness of both injected and non-injected paws was measured using a fine caliper. The results showed that formalin produced a biphasic (first phase: 0-5 and min phase: 15-35 min), but histamine induced a short-time (0-5 min) pain response. Both formalin and histamine increased the paw thickness. Vitamin C (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, ip) significantly (p<0.05) decreased the second phase of formalin-induced pain. The pain induced by histamine was significantly (p<0.05) decreased by vitamin C at the doses of 2.5-20 mg/kg. Vitamin C at the doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg significantly (p<0.05) decreased the paw edema induced by formalin and histamine. It is concluded that formalin induces more intense pain than histamine, whereas formalin and histamine produce edema with the same intensity. However, vitamin C has an ability to reduce the pain and edema induced by formalin and histamine.

The presumptive interfere of bacterial agents in Grass carp (Ctenophmyngodon idella) mortality in Khuzestan province were investigated. Three hundred Moribund fish from 20 farms with highest grass carp mortality in the last few years were taken for bacteriological study. After transferring to the lab, fish were dissected and bacteriological samples of some internal organs (kidney, liver and spleen) were taken using Triptic Soy Agar (TSA) media. Isolated bacteria were identified using standard bacteriological methods. Bacterial infection was seen only in 53 fish. The bacterial species include Aeromonas hvdrophila (33), Aeromonas veroni (12) and Aeromonas sohria (8). LD50 of representative of each bacteria were calculated according to Reed and Muench to determine their pathogenicity in grass carp. Results show that A.veroni and A.sohria are not pathogenic to grass carp but A.hyvdrophila was slightly pathogenic with LD50 = 1.1 * 107 . Regarding the results of this study, the sever mortality in grass carp can't be caused by these bacterial agents primarily. Although some aero monads were isolated from moribund fish. Low proportion of infected fish to these bacteria and lack of bacterial virulence shows that the bacteria are secondary infection and more investigation should be conducted to find the real cause of mortality. Meanwhile, this is the first report of Aeromonas sohria's isolation in Iran.

This study was conducted on 15 healthy female Lori Bakhtiary sheep. Transducer was placed over the right flank to examination of the kidneys. Urinary bladder was scanned from right flank and transrectal method. All examinations were performed on sheep in a standing position, without withholding food. The result of present study showed that the right kidney was scanned in 12th intercostals space and behind the last rib, high on the right flank and the left kidney was found in the middle of right flank. The sheeps kidneys had similar echogenicity to the other animal kidneys. The two kidneys were of nearly equal size while there were no significant differences between dimensions of the right and left kidneys (P<0.05). In the right kidney, length, width and depth were 7.12, 3.72 and 3.94 cm, respectively and thickness of the cortex and medulla were 0.92 and 1.01 cm, respectively. The length and width of the sinus were 4.07 and 1.39 cm and parenchymal diameter was 1.25 cm, respectively. The urinary bladder could be scanned only by transrectal method. The contents of the bladder were anechoic and the bladder wall was uniformly thick and smooth. The ureters could not be visualized in any sheep.

Studies have shown that various species of Fusarium grow well in food resources, specially in agricultural crops like cotton meal, rough rice, potato and wheat. Also by distributing conidia in air and inhaling them, they can act as pathogen, saprophyte or allergenic agents. Fusarium solani is known as soil saprophytic and it has allergenic components in cell wall and cytoplasm of conidia and hyphae, used for diagnostic and allergy therapy purposes. The goal of this study was to identify the cytoplasmic proteins of Fusarium solani isolates under study and evaluate the correlation and differention of the antigens between isolates. In the present study, 12 samples of Fusarium solani, with sources of air and foods, were maintained at collection of mycology center of faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Tehran University. They were broken by Freez and Taw and mechanical methods, and after centrifuging, supernatants which consist of most cytoplasmic proteins were assessed by SDS-PAGE technique.The results showed that 12 Fusarium solani isolates have common and uncommon protein bands and some isolates have special protein bands such as 87, 40 and 108 KD, in which specifics for isolates were 3, 4 and 10 respectively. Also, the bands of 24 and 32 KD were presented on the all isolates. In comparison with two standard strains, UAMH 7419 and UAMH 3317, the 24 KD band is specific for Iranian isolates, but 32 KD band was presented in standard strains. Therefore, the 24 KD band is special protein in Iran's native samples. This study suggests that for diagnostic and vaccine preparation and allergy therapy, the specific native Fusarium solani antigens should be used by researchers.

The purpose of this study was to determine the necrotoxigenic E. coli isolates and their O serogroup from calves with gastrointestinal tract infections. Rectal swabs were obtained from 163 calves and streaked on Mac Conkey agar for isolation of E. coli. Suspected colonies were cultured in biochemical media to confirm the isolates. One confirmed colony from each sample was cultured in Luria Bertani broth (LB) and stored with 30% glycerol at -20°c. Multiplex PCR were undertaken to determine the positive isolates for cnf and cdt families genes encoding cytotoxic necrotizing factors and cytolethal distending toxins respectively. The positive isolates in the first step were used in several simplexes PCR to detect the variants of cnf and cdt genes. The necrotoxigenic isolates were also sero-grouped. According to the results, 138 E. coli were isolated from 163 samples. In the PCRs of the first step, 12 (8.69%) isolates had the 1150 and 466 base pair bands which were positive for cnf and cdt family's genes. All of the 12 positive isolates showed the presence of cnf2 and cdtIII genes and considered as necrotoxigenic E. coli 2 (NTEC2). None of the isolates was positive for cnf1 gene which was found in necrotoxigenic E. coli 1 (NTEC 1) isolates. Serogroup determination of NTEC2 isolates showed that three isolates belonged to 0 IS, two isolates to 078 and one isolates to 08; the remaining of isolates (6) were non-typeable by standard antisera. In most studies in other parts of world, NTEC2 strains were isolated from calves that belonged to different O serogroups.

The aim of this study was to use barium sulfate in rabbit gastro-intestinal (GI) tract to detect transition time of different parts of GI tract, diameter of small and large intestines, side effects and compare them with lumbar vertebral and the width of the ribs in rabbits. In this survey, 30% suspension of barium sulfate was administrated orally to ten healthy rabbits with dosage of 12 ml/kg. No tranquilizer or anesthetic drugs were used. Radiography was performed in 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 minutes and every hour until stomach was completely emptied. Suspension of30% of barium sulfate produced satisfactory GI contrast radiographs. The stomach in 30% of the rabbits was emptied at 20 minutes after administration. The contrast media was observed in cecum after 40 minutes. There was more barium sulfate in the cecum in 60 minutes and in 120 minutes; it was fully distended with contrast media. Four hours later, the contrast media was seen in stool. There were contrast media in the stomach 4 hours, while it was completely emptied 5 hours after administration. We didn't see any side effects after administration of barium sulfate in the rabbits. The width mean of small intestine was less than two times of the rib width mean and it was nearly equal to the height mean of L2. Also, the width mean of small intestine was less than 1.5 times of the height mean of L5. Based on our results in this survey, barium sulfate can be used for evaluation of GI tract in the affected rabbits in comparison with normal cases.

Dermatophytosis is one of the most frequent mycoses rep0l1ed in human and animals. Trichophyton verrucosum is a zoophilic dermatophyte causing dermatophytosis with hair loss and scaling in cattle. Based on colony characteristics, the species Trichphyton verrucosum has three varieties: T. verrucosum var. ochraseum, T. verrucoslimvar. album, and T. 'verrucosum var. discoid. In a descriptive study performed on dairy farms around Kermanshah, 1125 samples from cows with cutaneous lesion were cultured on mycobiotic agar at 37°C for 4 weeks. Trichophyton verrucosum varieties were diagnosed based on colony morphology and chlamydoconidia shape. Out of 1125 samples, T. verrucosum var. ochraseum, T. verrucosum var. album and T. verrucosum var. discoid were isolated from 37 (3.29%), 10 (0.89%) and 7 (0.62%) samples, respectively. The isolation and identification of causeative agents of dermatophytosis in regions where the disease is prevalent is recommended. This may lead to produce effective vaccines against dematophytosis in cows from local isolates.

Among late disorders of sulfur mustard (SM), respiratory problems especially chronic bronchitis and pulmonary fibrosis are the greatest causes of long-term disability.Cyclophosphamide has anti-inflammatory effects and It is used for some pulmonary disorders. Therefore we decided to study the therapeutic effects of cyclophosphamide in mice and the role of oxidative stress in its mechanism.One month after inhaled SM exposure, six mice were selected as positive control, six mice were treated by cyclophosphamide and eight without any SM exposure were selected as negative control. After sacrificing and sampling, biochemical indexes of chronic inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis of experimental group were compared with positive and negative control groups.Significant decrease was seen in alveolar space percentage, serum vitamin C, and serum H2O2 concentration in comparison with negative control. There was an increase in hydroxylproline concentration and lymphocyte infiltration in positive control group in comparison with the negative control. Vitamin C and serum H2O2 concentration was increased and hydroxy Iproline concentration and lymphocyte infiltration were decreased in the cyclophosphamide treated group in comparison with positive control group.It seems that Cyclophosphamide has therapeutic effects on delayed lung complications of SM injury and reduction in oxidative stress can be one of the mechanisms of this drug.

Oleander (Nerium oleander), a member of Apocynaceas family, is a very common ornamental tree that grows in most parts of Iran. Cardiac glycosides that are toxic to animals and human being exist in different parts of the plants. Natural oleander poisoning has been reported frequently in man and domestic animals. In the present study, clinical, electrocardiographical, biochemical and pathological features of experimental oleander poisoning in goat and the effect of vinegar (V285) in preventive treatment were investigated. Ten female native goats, 12±2 month old were divided into treatment (n=5) and control (n=5) groups. Prior to the experiment, electrocardiogram was taken and Na, K, Ca, Cl, CK, AST and I, DH were measured in all goats. Both groups received 110mg/kg BW powder of dried oleander leaf Three doses of I liter diluted vinegar (50%) with 1 hour interval were given orally to goats in treated group and electrocardiogram was taken every 30 minutes in two groups. Clinical signs of poisoning were recorded in all goats. Prior to death, blood samples were taken and biochemical parameters were measured again. Tissue samples from liver, heart, lungs, kidneys and intestines were taken and fixed in formalin 10%. Sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular block, atrioventricular dissociation, sinus tachycardia, ventricular premature beats, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation were revealed in electrocardiography. Depression, hypothermia, tachypenia, dyspenia and polyuria were recorded. There was significant increase in K, CK, AST and LDH, and significant decrease in Na, Cl and Ca concentration. Hypremia and hemorrhage in liver, myocardium, lungs, medulla of kidneys and mucosa of intestines, necrosis in myocardium and infiltration of inflammatory cells in lungs were the findings in necropsy and histopathologic assessment. All goats died in 6-24 hours after poisoning and vinegar had no therapeutic effect in this experiment.

The study was conducted with 224 Arian broiler chickens which were assigned in a 6-week age period (7-49 day) with 7 treatments and 4 replicates (8 chickens for each replicate) based on a completely randomized design. The treatments contained three chemical materials added to the basic diet at levels of 0.1 or 0.3 percent, and the control treatment. The results of this experiment showed that body weight was significantly increased by treatments, (p£0.05) but the effect of treatment on feed consumption was not significant. The treatments containing ammonium chloride (0.1% and 0.3%), potassium chloride (0.1% and 0.3%), and sodium bicarbonate (0.1%) had a significantly higher body weight and better feed conversion ratio (p£0.05) relative to control group. The treatment with 0.3% ammonium chloride had the best performance, compared to the other groups. The difference between feed consumption was not significant. According to the results of this experiment, using ammonium chloride, potassium chloride up to 0.3% and sodium bicarbonate at 0.1% in heat stress condition is suggested.

Eighty Sanjabi ewes ranging from 2 to 5 years old were studied. All animals had lambed and lactated during the previous year. Animals were divided into four groups (three treatment groups n=60 and one control group n=20).In the early anoestrous season, Ordibehest (May), three groups were treated with CIDR. CIDR remained in groups 1, 2 and 3 for 10, 12 and 14 days respectively. The CIDR devices were removed after the mentioned periods and Rams were introduced into all groups. 24 hours after the removal of the CIDR devices, the treatment groups were divided into two subgroups. One subgroup was given one i.V. injection (100Ug) of GnRH. Estrous rate for the control group was measured at 10 percent and for the treatment groups this rate was 75, 95 and 85 Percent respectively.Estrous rate in the three treatment groups showed a significant difference compared to the control group (p<0.01) although, this difference among the three treatment groups was not significant (p>0.05). The pregnancy rate of ewes given one I.V. injections (100Ug) of GnRH 24 hours after the removal of CIDR devices displayed a significant difference when compared to ewes that did not receive such treatment (p<0.05). However, the rates in control and GnRH receiving group were not significantly different (p>0.05). These results indicate that the using of CIDR for a 10, 12 and 14 day period can result in higher estrous rates out of season, GnRH effects in the treatment groups on fertility.

A 21-day trend of an Arabian pregnant mare with chief complaint of hematuria (red urine), anemia and jaundice was the focus of this study. Clinical examinations, paraclinical findings and the results of ultrasonography in addition to the history of the patient draw the diagnosis toward traumatic injury of the upper urinary tract. The pseudohemoglobinuria of the patient was diagnosed to be the result of hemolysis of the blood in the bladder. Also the icterus was described to internal hemorrhage and hemolysis in the peritoneal cavity that resulted in bilirubinemia.