EGHTESAD-E ISLAMI
Year:2008 | Volume:8 | Issue:30|Papers Count:8

Utilizing capital assets is one of the important and impressive matters in economic development and growth. Natural recourses especially land is a kind of these capital assets. Nowadays Islamic countries such as Iran have confronted demolishing and destroying of lands. These lands which were thrive one day and also can be cultivated and utilize have been exited from proper economic cycle because of jurisprudential and legal difficulties.Traditions and diligence methods have been used in this paper to show that waste land developer wouldn't be the owner of the land except the exploitation right and this right transfer only with sale, donation and inheritance. Therefore Islamic ruler has this authority to give permission someone else to cultivate the land if the developer, buyer, donee and inheritor abandoned it or defaulted in maintaining the cultivated land.

In this paper we study the behavior of people in Behbahan city as to the Islamic Charity (ENFAQ). ENFAQ is financial payment which is necessary and beneficial (MOSTAHAB) to in case of need families and the object is to determine what percent of people do such payment and to how extend they believe on it. Also in this paper we have the objective of specifying whether variables such as income and education have any effect on it our method is in the theoretical domain documentary and survey investigation with a cross section of people is done. The information is acquired by interview, and for the purposes of analysis we use descriptive statistics and inferences, and use has been made of chi square statistics to test the significance of relationships.The unit of analysis is household and sample is consists of 444 family which choose randomly among Behbahan people. Results show that a considerable amount of people in the sample made ENFAQ, whether necessary or beneficial and these two categories have positive relationship with income and education.

Istisna is a contract which has an extensive using nowadays. This usage has been broader after its bilateral mandatory, because of its nature and character, which announced by Islamic Conference Organization on Jurisprudential Assembly. It has been arisen because in one hand buying and selling final goods were not enough for different needs of individuals, firms and government, and on the hand other contracts such as Salaf, Ijara and Joala couldn't finance different and spreading needs because of their special constraints.Authorities on matters of religion believe that this contract is accurate only as an independent contractor in a sale, Ijara, Joala and Solh framework. Therefore banks and financial institutions can finance their privet and state and public sector plans by this contract and be broker among big companies and industry owner. Experience of other countries in this field is very useful.It is proved in this paper that banks can remove difficulties on recourse allocation by using Istisna contract and also it is absolutely scientific to use this contract in Islamic Banking in Iran while its theoretical and applied field is provided.

The main purpose of this research has been to estimate a model of factors affecting economic inequality in Iran. Doing so, using income-expenditure Micro-data, first Gini coefficients and shares of income twenties have been estimated for the years 1984-2004. Using the time series data and Cointergration method, factors affecting economic inequality have been estimated. According to the results, employment ratio (share of employment in population) and government social expenditure per household have decreasing inequality effects. On the other hand, income tax per household and inflation increase the inequality. To analyze the effects on different twenties, the SUER model has been estimated. The results indicate that increase in ratio of employment has reduced inequality via decrease in 4th and 5th twenties in favor of the other twenties, especially the 1st twenties. Increase in government social expenditure per household has decreased inequality through the reduction in share of the top twenty percent in favor of the rest (%80). On the other hand, increase in income tax per household and inflation has increased inequality through the reduction in share of the first four twenties of the population in favor of the top twenty percent. In order to compare effects of the variables, all the variables have been used in standard forms: employment ratio and the income tax per household have had the highest reduction and lowest increasing economic inequality effects, respectively. But, the increasing effect of income tax has been more that the decreasing effect of employment ratio. Thus, productive job creation policy and effective tax collection procedure may be emphasized.

Islam is a comprehensive religion belonging to all times and places. One of its characteristics is that it was revealed and introduced little by little, its fundamental principles to be believed in, being given priority over its commandments, and, in turn, some of its commandments over the others. Even, for several reasons, some of the obligatory commandments were not introduced at once unless adequate preparations were made for them.This article is trying to show that when an Islamic government IS established in a society, it is obliged (by the shariah) to implement the divine commandments immediately unless doing so will bring dishonor on Islam, due to lack of appropriate ground, even among the Muslims. Therefore, for some reasons, the most important of which is a contradiction between commandments, the implementation of commandments may be postponed to future date, but the Islamic government is obliged to make preparations for them to be fulfilled.It seems that non-usury banking and Islamic system of taxes, in the Islamic economic literature, follow this regulation.

In recent years, risk and risk management have been very significant in financial and banking literature. In other word, banking system with respect to its characteristics is faced to these risks and managing them is very important. Islamic banking system confronts risks too. These risks can be devided in two kinds: first, the common risks between Islamic and no Islamic banking system. So managing these risks in Islamic banking is important Iran Islamic banking system meets a lot of risks. Some of them can be managed by current methods and some are not. Therefore in this article, in addition to reviewing the studies on risks in Iran Islamic banking and the ways of managing them, some of methods which are consist ant with Islamic principles are offered.

Nowadays, the most important instrument of controlling and increasing the liquidity in developed countries is to use "open market operation" in which the central bank purchases and sales its own assets (mainly securities in secondary markets). But, in many of developing countries, the central banks cannot purchase and sale the securities in the secondary markets due to not developing the investment markets, therefore, Some of these countries have begun to purchase and sale these securities in primary markets to control the liquidity which is called' open market type operation' in some new papers.As in this operation, there will be a religious problem known as "Reba", central banks of Iran and Sudan has been offered and performed another securities based on "Musharaka" and "Discount". We can benefit from that in this operation by surveying and analyzing its applicable.