JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCES
Year:2011 | Volume:17 | Issue:20|Papers Count:16

In order to analyze the spatial characteristics of the daily hazardous temperatures and rains, the daily rain and temperature data were obtained from the Meteorological Organization of Iran for all of the long period stations for the existing period. Then the hazard indices were defined as: sultry days, cold days, Icy days, warm days, warm nights, extreme daily rainfall threshold, and percentage of extreme daily rainfall from the annual rainfall. These indices were annually averaged for each station. The results showed that every point of the country experiences some kind of climatic hazards. At least 40 percent of the year at each station experience hazardous climatic events. The spatial distribution of the indices varied from one kind to another. The sultry days were frequent in the south whereas the cold days are more in the north. The southern coasts experience more hazards than the northern coasts. Among the indices the warm days and heavy rains are very frequent all over the country. But the cold hazards are restricted to the mountainous and northern parts of the country. The results indicate that the planners and managers of the country should be prepared for the climatic hazards all over the country and take into consideration their existence.

Flood is the one of existing phenomenon’s in the nature that long run mankind is witness of its occurrence. Also in the Iran, because of large extent, multiple climates and density of time and place of precipitation in most watershed basin, we are witness of huge floods in most parts of the country every year. Also, new city of Baharestan not accepted from this natural phenomenon, numerous and destructive floods have occurred therein in the past few years. In this study, try that with rainfall data from recent 55 years of nearest station to the Baharestan city and necessary operations, be extracted heavy rainfalls of that, to be more tangible the rainfall condition and possibility of floods in this city, and as well as determine the volume of runoff from rainfall within the town statutory Confine and whole basin plane. Then determined the local focus and direction of runoff stream from rainfalls in heights around this city by using Geographical Information System (GIS). Afterwards during field operations, to be determined direction of possible floods, appointed the slop direction of all city streets. Finally, were proposed 5 channel classes with different cross-section to collect and transfer the surface water of city, for city safety against urban and non-urban Sub-Basins?

The Jajrod river basin is situated in the North-eastern of Tehran (the capital of Iran). It is more susceptible to landslide, mud flow, and other forms of mass movement. Landslide is one of the most natural hazard that causes damage to city and rural inhabit, cultural lands, roads, forest and so on. Therefore it is obvious that the landslide susceptibility mapping is very important for environmental management in this region. In this research 150 landslides by field study and air photographs were recognized and mapped. These landslides also pointed on 1:50000 topography map of the Jajrod river basin. Determining the effective factors on landslide in the Jajrod basin is the second stage of this research. Litho logy, Slope, Slope direction, Land use, Distance to fault, Digital elevation model (DEM) and precipitation were the seven factors that studied and analyzed by logistic regression model in GIS environment. The result of this research represent that the Analytical Hierarchy Process model is the suitable method for predicting the landslide hazard risk in this area. At the final the landslide hazard risk map of the Jajrod basin is classified in five class containing, very low, low, medium, high and very high hazard risk. In this classification about (%62) identified as high hazard risk in the Jajrod river basin.

Speed of technological innovation caused social change and shaping the emergence of leisure as one of the basic requirements. This has resulted in development of tourism industry and Promenade around the cities as destination of tourists at micro scale. Study sought to answer what are the characteristics of promenade around the cities and how can to organize it? For this purpose, Tarom region have been selected and studied as a Promenade around the cities. Required data has been collected through local visits, interviews with tourists and local residents, and 200 questionnaires are completed by tourists and traders, as well as use of some documents. Collected data are analyzed based on "potentialities", "services and facilities" and "affected local residents". Results show in reorganization aspects of tourism in the area, natural environment has both potentialities and Carring capacity. Host community welcomes the development of this industry. But tourism has formed only on the foundation of neighboring cities residents urged and government has no role in it. The role of government is very important in access of local community to the level required considerable reliance. Government assistance is very important for host community in achieving self reliance management from the viewpoint of investment and cultural promotion.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the levels of temperature inversion and the effects it causes on the air pollution of Tehran. To this aim, 100 days from 2005 to 2009 which had the highest pollution levels were chosen from five stations. The inversion levels for these days were investigated through Skew-T graphs and the earth pressure plans in the levels of 900 to 300 hecto pascal. The results showed that between 73 to 85.5 percent of the air pollution in the Tehran stations are due to pressure systems and the high level of radiance from earth surface. The level of CO, PM10, SO2, was highest in Azadi station. The level of CO2 was highest in Rey station. The level of O3 was highest in Rey station. Although, the direction of the wind is from west to east but due to invergen as well as the low speed of wind, the wind flow does not influence the weather condition. Also, the spatial distribution of the weather pollution of Tehran showed that the amount of pollution is higher in center and west. In addition, from north to south the level of NO2 and O3 increase and the levels of CO, PM10, and SO2, decrease.

Cities as a place of human biology are constantly at risk of several types of natural disasters. Accordingly, appropriate measures in the framework of proper planning is as the best way to reduce loss of life and financial aspects of disasters such as earthquakes, floods, landslides and more. Such measures are only in the shadow of understanding aspects of vulnerability in the studied area. The aim of this paper is study the social and physical vulnerability Babolsar city at the level of 16 branches neighborhoods. The method of this paper is descriptive and analytical that in order to collect the data needed, reviewed and studied of library resources and secondary documents (comprehensive plan, detailed plan and the Studies of Babolsar city GIS). In this paper, in order to determine the physical and social-economic vulnerability index was used multiple criteria analysis method of SAW. Based on the results from the perspective of physical vulnerability Bi.bi.sar-roozeh, Kazem Abad and Jvadiyeh neighborhoods respectively 57.01, 56.87 and 56.12 as the most vulnerable communities and while Shahrak-e-saheli, Shahrak-e-daneshga and Sahrak-e-ghaem neighborhoods with a 18.4, 19.3 and 23.25 are the lowest. Based on what is presented in Table 8 Bi.bi.sar-roozeh, Jvadiyeh neighborhoods and Kazem Abad vulnerabilities coefficient respectively 27.49, 25.92 and 23.93 are the most vulnerable from the perspective of social-economic indicators and Shahrak-e-saheli, Shahrak-e-daneshga and Sahrak-e-ghaem neighborhoods with 3.67, 4.42 and 7.36 have the lowest vulnerability.

Iran and particularly its major cities, including areas that are frequently exposed to natural hazards. The main goal of this paper is to evaluate the vulnerability of urban areas in the metropolis is the risk of flooding. Review criteria for vulnerability assessment, including privacy River watercourse, structure, direction and width network, land use, buildings and power density of the overall flood disposal area. In this context, to actually evaluate the results of vulnerability, the third major area of Tehran imprisoned, because of the Darband river and its watercourse, residential and high population density, composition of new tissue and worn, and a significant slope as the sample selection was. Research in this article, analytical and descriptive statistics with emphasis on attitude is a system. Thus, first using precipitation data from stations based in the region adjacent to the area desired and trend analysis addressed climate change and maximum discharge from each basin and rational methods to help curves, Intensity, Duration, Frequency station Mehrabad and Saadabad for 25 and 50 year periods were calculated. Using Fuzzy Logic level vulnerability of buildings and residential units to each assessment criteria and finally all the criteria together the final amount of vulnerability and the percentage has been calculated. The results show that three regions susceptible to the risks of failure to observe flood and privacy watercourse, building low resistance, high coefficient of runoff in residential areas, high density and narrow the number of classes being the most important communication network in the region vulnerable and more than 12 percent of the study area is quite vulnerable.

A Place identity is Follower of spaces and structures place functions. Place identities Excitants different Sense of place that According to its Residents political culture Creates different political actions. Places sphere of influence is Follower of their Weight place and Strategic Position. From this perspective Political activists Presence in certain places show their Saber-rattling and Interests. Regions 6 and 11 in Tehran due to the existence of different political, educational centers in national and international scale, and link East and West have special political function within the Engelab Square and the streets over Tehran last few decades. These features that range has make Battleground of various political forces and currents. This study utilizes the findings of other studies reached this conclusion. That spaces, structures and functions of the Engelab Square and the streets Induce Place identities for Political activists so that other areas can’t Supply their Aspirations and demands.