JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
Year:2006 | Volume:38 | Issue:4|Papers Count:15

In this paper, the author writes that language has had an important function in Molana's poetry and he has always been careful in the use of language. Molana's views and statements about language come from his personal experiences in the realm of poetry. These statements in the area of language are similar to those of philosophers and linguists. In the area of meaning, he believes that word is always inexpressive ("word is unable to express and carry the meaning clearly" he writes). Molana also believes that language has two main functions: it expresses thoughts and ideas and at the same time, covers the secrets of heart. This contradictory opinion about the nature of language arises from his poetry and his experiences. Molana has always been seeking for meaning and since he could not find it in the language, he turns to silence, indirect and allegorical explanations.

According to Halliday and Hassan (1976), cohesion refers to the meaning relationships inside a text. It can be found where understanding some elements of the discourse depends on other elements in the discourse; that is, one element is presupposed by another. In other words, cohesion is the relationship between the first element, presupposing, and the second element, presupposed. In this paper, the writers first introduce cohesion and its types, and then examine the theory of lexical cohesion in ten short stories written for children. Cognitive and applied conclusions follow a statistical examination of the data.

The main question addressed in this paper is the extent to which Akhvan has been influenced by Khayyam. To do so, the writer first explains the characteristics of Khayyam's poetry and the bulk of poetry attributed to him. Each characteristic is substantiated by a sample. Next, the writer examines Akhavan's poetry based on these characteristics and shows to what extent Akhavan has been influenced by Khayyam. The writer also discusses to what extent Khayyam's influence on Akhavan sets him apart from the romantic poets of the 1950s to 1970s.

Khorasan's region has had an important status in Iranian history and culture. It has also had an important role in the development of modern story writing and has introduced writers as mahmoud Kianoosh, Asghar Elahi, Ghazale Alizadeh, Reza Daneshvar and more importantly, Mahmoud Dawlat Abadi and in this way; Khorasan has preserved its past outstanding dignity. The most important common principles which seem to link the basis of the stories written by these writers are as follows: historical outlooks, an interest in religious teaching, making a wide use of possibilities of language, a moderate approach, reviving the past days and adapting traditionalism both inform and content. The roots of these common principles, from past to the present, should mostly be sought in the culture and historical events governing the regional atmosphere of Khorasan region. This region has not  only been located in Iran's main route of culture, politics and commerce with far East, but also has been the primary homeland for the noble Iranian ruling dynasties following Arab attacks. Khorasan has also been the main origin of Persian language and literature and the host of Imam Reza (peace be upon him).

In this paper, the writer analyzes four novels written by de la Fayette, a 17th century novelist. The analytical study of "Princesse de Montpensier" , "Comtesse de tende", "Zaide" and "Princesse de Cleves" shows that in spite of the characters' different names and characteristics, all these four novels have a more or less similar structure and this has been the reason for the application of thematic model in the analysis. Thematic model is a branch of semiotics which helps us to analyze the agents' relations and their actions. Having a feministic approach for the analysis of these four novels, the writer divides each novel into successive sequences and then reaches to the conclusion that all these sequences are interrelated.

In this paper, the writers first present a definition of narration, then discuss an important element of narration; that is, the narrator and his point of view. To do so, they first present the old classification of the points of view and then present the classification offered by Janet. This is followed by an analysis of two short stories Hitchcock discusses to show the difference of fear and suspension and conclude that the fear is the result of using the third person point of view and suspension is the result of using the all-knowing point of view.

"Raddol-Matla' " or "first-line-recurrence" is a figure of speech in Persian poetry. Nima has changed the name of the term to "Bargardan" and has used this figure of speech in his poetry. In this paper, the writer has studied the definition and use of "first-line-recurrence" in traditional Persian poetry and then, has presented the use of this figure of speech in Nima's poetry, regarding aesthetics and frequency with a reference to the date of writing the poem. The article then concludes with the following points; a new form of poetry, an increase in the rhetorical effects of poetry and an emphasis on poetic symbols.

In literary works, prose or poetry, the world is a recurring theme. Concerns such as victory, defeat, honesty, fraud, change and stagnancy, etc are the various manifestations of the worldly life described by poets. These sub themes, therefore, being universal, are reflected in all poetry of all times. In this paper the writers introduce Zahir's poetry as a poet of the Jabiliya period and compare his poetry with those of the poets living centuries after him.

To explain their ontological views, mystics, theologians and philosophers have used various allegories. In mysticism these allegories have a greater signification due to the subtlety of understanding and intuition. The mystic Shaykh Mahmood Shabestari has used various allegories in his famous book Golshan-e Raz. Shamsoddin Mohammad Lahiji has explained these allegories in his Mafatih Al-Ejaz. Shabestari's most important allegories may be divided into the four categories: arbitrariness of the world, appearance of unity in diversity, irritability of divine manifestations and the flow of divine compassion and knowledge in all creation. The purpose of this paper is to classify, compare and criticize these allegories.

In this paper the writer explains the formation and development of translation movement in the Abbasid era. Among the factors contributing to this movement, the writer mentions the following: expansion of the relations of the Islamic government with other countries, security of the followers of other religions, facilities, an economic boost, dispatch of groups of scholars to other countries. However, the most important factor, the writer holds, was the motivation of the translators, which. stemmed from their need, material and spiritual. The encouragement given by the Abbasid caliphs was also another important factor contributing to the flourishing of the translation movement.

Literary texts and the criticisms of and comments on them form the greatest portion of the treasure of Persian literature. In this paper, the writer first sheds new light on certain lines from Sa'di's Gulistan. Next the writer elaborates on an expression used by Hafiz in two of his sonnets.

Iran-India cultural relations developed at the time of Taimoorid dynasty and a considerable number of scholars and craftsmen migrated to the Indian subcontinent during this age. At the time of Mughals, many poets, scholars and philosophers migrated to the Indian subcontinent from different countries because of freedom of expression and laid down the foundations of culture and civilization there. In this article, the writer presents a brief study of Iran-India cultural relations at the time of Mughals. A period in which, Persian language and literature has acted as a bridge for the transmission and flourishing of Iranian- Islamic culture in the Indian subcontinent and remained strong up to the British colonization.

In this paper, the writer has focused on analyzing the view points concerning antithesis. In his introduction, the writer points out the existence of the term in poetry, then the writer analyzes different definitions of the term antithesis, in fifteen rhetoric works of past and present and presents the accepted view points. the article concludes with citing the necessary points which should be considered while discussing antithesis.