JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
Year:2001 | Volume:34 | Issue:1-2|Papers Count:23

As in the other European Countries, the french translations of the Koran have followed the path of the social changes as well as the spread of orierltalisrn therein. Therefore, it can be divided into three distinct periods: the period when the French were still under the sway of the medieval religious dogma, the period of the spread of orientalism, and the modern period. The First translation was rendered by Andre Du Rayer in 1674. Later it was adapted by Italians, British, Germans and others. Claude savary in 1783 is much more authentic than Du Rayers. The author enumerates 22 complete translations of the Koran done in different periods. Then he critiques those rendered by Du Rayer, Savary. Blachere, and Chouraqui.

Context is a network of relations between form (vocabulary and grammar) and external reality. In fact, it constitutes the external meaning of language. Comprehending a text requires two important elements: context, and the situational context. It is known that there is no text without context. Hence, comprehending a text is predicated on an understanding of the context and the conditions under which the text was composed. An examination of these contexts and conditions constitutes the non-linguistic context of language. Yet in linguistic context a text is the sole arbiter and speaker, and decoding it is tantamount to proper comprehension and to sidestepping inappropriate interpretations. This articleis on the role of the linguistic context in understanding meaning. But one cannot overlook the significance of the non-linguistic context. After raising the question of discourse and the functions of context (including brief explanation, general appropriation, etc.) as well as citing some verses, the non-linguistic context such as the conditions under which a verse was revealed, and their role in semantics of the text are also examined. Later the article contends that the linguistic context is the only way to understand a word.

In the studies conducted on Persian grammar the properties, functions and distribution as well as the internal and external grammatical relations of the overt NP have been extensively and sufficiently investigated and described. Yet, the non-overt NP, Pro and pro, and its grammatical properties, relations and distribution have not been examined and described satisfactorily whereas it should be subjected to scrutiny and description because it is grammatically active through its relations, functions, and distribution. In this article four types of the non-overt NP in the Persian grammar are studied and described.

It is a matter of course that the ascent symbol is one of the common symbols across cultures. The author attempts in this article to demonstrate several hypotheses related to this symbol. The phenomenon of imagery is intertwined with the ascent symbol. The present article utilizes the views of several important figures like Bachelard as well as several examples from cultural anthropology.

The social role theory from Parsons to George Zimmel stipulates the possible range of freedom for humans from zero ad infinitum. In eastern philosophy and mysticism alike, scholars such as Rumi have also dealt with the social role and considered providence superior to the social and individual roles.

Disease, poverty and crime, the three main problems of humankind, have led to the creation of a number of disciplines. Among them, the sociological analysis of disease is the main thrust of this article. Of late, there have been some exchanges between medicine and the social sciences. The experts are concerned about the psychological and social aspects of disease as well as the impact of socio-economic factors on hygiene. This article attempts to engage with the interactive dynamics between the psychological and social phenomena and the medical and hygienic issues.

Studies conducted in the rural areas of Mashhad show a high potency to create jobs related to handicrafts. Yet there are several obstacles in the way of materializing this potential. The most important factors inducing the inadequacy of the handicrafts in the rural areas are: Insufficient capital in the rural regions, small sales and insufficient marketing strategies for handicrafts, lack of skill and training of the people involved as well as the problems related to the workplace in terms of technique and hygiene. Removing these obstacles can contribute to the efficiency of the handicrafts in rural areas. At present farming is not the key to solve the problems related to jobs and livelihood in the rural areas.

An individuals ultimate limit is when he/she can hear, see, and understand. In order to understand Sepehris episteme we ought to contemplate on his seeing, hearing, and understanding. Through the medium of his diverse awareness and robust sensibility, Sepehri has touched on the mystical space and has paved the mystical path. He is a mentor who beckons us to "A New Look". "Silence", "Simplicity", Peace with Life and Affection for the People", "Love", "Journey", and "Getting out of ones Self which in mystical terms is equal to annihilation. His thought borders on Krishna Murtys teachings, contemporary Indian mystic. They both invite the reader to see life and become one with it. Sepehri has broken free of all frontiers and has found himself immersed in the universe. He is a mystic who has traveled through his poems: a ritualistic journey. Sepehris main concern towards the end of his life was the ideal world, a world replete with intuition and free from the filth of the base world.

For long there has been a history of debates on relieving the senile and terminally ill patients of the pain of living. The humanists believe that a physicians duty is to cure the patients ailment, but others see no point in keeping the terminally ill alive. They deem euthanasia the physicians ultimate responsibility. These were mostly the racists who pursued the ideal of the superior race and the perfect man. Following the theories of the racists and Darwins theory, they conducted plenty of research on improving race and reproduction and came across certain conclusions. They suggested the forced sterilization of the disabled and also barring their marriage. Furthermore, they exterminated the terminally ill because they were thought to incur innumerable losses on the society and the state at large. They were the unproductive human beings. In Germany, the idea of euthanasia provided the best conditions for national socialists which led to the mass murder with the intention of racial improvement. The patients sterilization and extinction happened in Germany along the line of ethnic cleansing. The roots of the execution of euthanasia in the Nazi Germany can be found in the intellectual, ideological, and political foundations of the party.

Biruni is a renowned Iranian scholar in the fourth and fifth centuries hegira. Emphasizing two major works: Altahqiq Malal-Hend and Alasat al-Baqiah, the present writer conducts a methodological study of his works and delves into issues such as history, philosophy of history, nature, and history as the origins of knowledge and its connection with religion and revelation as well as the connection between knowledges and values.

Any debate on the concepts and patterns of the "social development" begs a sociological retrospection which, since its inception, has been subject to analysis and critique. Along these views that deem social development on par with modernity, the theories proposed by Max Weber and Jurgen l-labermas shed some light on the matter. Hence, this article engages with the concept of social development as endorsed by Weber and his followers, such as Robert Bellah, Clifford Geertz, Daniel Lerner, and Everet M. Rogers, in a concise manner. Yet, this is nothing more than the historical background of the issue. The main thrust of the article is the attempt to introduce Habermas reading of the social development as a concept. His complex apology for modernity through which he tries to introduce the developed human, as well as the developed society in a comprehensive manner. is noteworthy. Weber views social development as a multifaceted nd ulti-dimensional henomenon whereas Habermas views attempts to incorporate the entire social components. It covers the wide-ranging phenomena, the individual as well as the psychological dimension of the individual. It is no surprise that he sets out his analytical work with a critique of Max Weber (through reconstructing the rationalization theory) and Carl Marx (through reconstructing historical materialism) and carries on to utilize Jean Piagets learning theories and Lawrence Kohlberg (the growth of conscience). The modernity that Habernias upholds includes the maior ideas of the theorists in social sciences and humanities that represent social development in its entirety.

Until 1980s scholars and development planners placed emphasis upon the economic aspects of development which in contrast would give rise to further under-development, unsustainability of development, and environmental damage, especially in the .poor and underdeveloped countries. As a result, sustainable development, ecological development, green development, or in other words, development by the nature-lover and environment-protector have met with immense interest among scholars and scientists ever since. This new type of development consists of cultural, social, economic, environmental, and even political aspects which all put together the process of development. Although each single one of these aspects is invariably important in the process of development, the cultural aspect is fundamental and, for that matter, undeniably prominent. Therefore, the emphasis in this article is upon the cultural aspect of sustainable development: the aim is to study culture in relation to sustainable development and environmental protection.

This article deals with the meaning and use of an onomatopoeic suffix in Khorasani dialects. The suffix/-ast/ when added to onomatopceic words, changes their meaning. While/sor-sor/shows continuity in the production of the/sor/sound, /sorrast/(sor+ ast) and further shows that this sound is produced abruptly without any continuity. Some examples of the way the affix is used in Old Persian texts as well as the Khorasani dialects are also provided.

There have been major transformations in contemporary Arabic literary criticism in such a way that in place of a priori fixed comparative principles, the new schools of criticism are applied. In this article, the writer discusses the trajectory of the changes in Arabic poetry as well as the four phases of classicism, romanticism, social realism, and symbolism, along with major intellectual and social movement in contemporary Arabic literary criticism.

The university as an academic institution is the locus of higher learning and provides the dissemination of the latest scientific findings. It is the university that nourishes the industry and the economy alike. The sciences are classified and are subjected to scrutiny independently. The application of the latest scientific findings and their tools create new goods and services which in their own turn transform public culture and transform life styles as well as the value system. The academic system and its functions along with bringing about social, economic, and cultural modernization, is equally impressed by the modernization process. The university per se transforms the society from tradition to development where the cultural values are gradually transformed. That is, it induces the socio-cultural connicts. Upon the transformation of the academic system the social stratification goes under change too, which means a process that is followed by a different set of value systems as well as the intellectual and behavioral patterns. Under such circumstances the society must acquire readiness to face the new value system.

It goes without saying that the managers daily output depends heavily on the individuals interaction as well as information exchange. In the workplace connict is the factor that induces loss of drive, the organizations inefficiency and output. Conflict is viewed as indispensable in organizations, especially the educational ones. According to management theories, there are two completely different methods to reduce conflict. From the traditional perspective conflict is subversive by nature. It should be avoided and repressed. From the modern perspective, open conflict among the staff is a sign of organizational health because conflict can reveal the dormant problems, solve them, and pave the way to optimize the organizational output, and to bring about appropriate changes. If an effort is made to provide a sound structure for the conflict through deployment of the proper strategy, there will be a boost in creativity and output. The main thrust of the present study is to examine the role of conflict management strategies in the schools output. This is an applied research that was conducted in the descriptive mode. The statistical community in this research was 750 elementary. Guidance, and High Schools in the seven districts of the city of Mashhad.

The sixth century hegira is an important period in the history of Persian literature for many reasons, among them one can mention the Saljuq dynastys coming to power, Iraqs emergence against Khorasan, the Dan dialects influence in Iraq and Azerbijan and its hybridization with the central dialects, and the shifting of the literary circles to this region. Furthermore, the most fundamental changes in the Persian language and letters in the Islamic period after the Saljuqs seizure of power in a serious way is noticeable in the 6th century: a change in the language, imagery-stylistic chance. Jan Rypka divides the 6th century poets to four groups: the Khorasan, Iraq, and Azerbijan. In this classification Anvari is deemed as an outstanding poet in Khorasan. His poetry specially features: panegyrics and satire, precedence in deploying the Ghazal, knowledge of the sciences of the day especially Avecinna, Arabic sciences, Arabic literature, the Koran and hadith. Poetic profundity is one of the stylistic features of this period. Khaqanis poetry in Azerbijan, slightly different, bears testimony to the poets output. No wonder the Divan of these difficult poets were annotated in their lifetime or a little later.

Among the epic works composed after Shahnameh, Borzunameh looms large. The violent nature of tragedy and the inevitable determinism pervasive in the story of Rostam and Sohrab give way to a melodramatic ending in the story of Borzu. Despite its great standing, Borzunameh suffers a lack of sound scholarship. The studies done surrounding this work are mainly unscientific, they are mainly based on a blind acceptance of the views of Jule Mohl and Blanchet. The present work engages with the untrodden paths in the work.

As a conventional literary genre poetry has always been attractive to thinkers, literary critics and etymologists, each trying to investigate it within the parameter of their special domain. Given that poetry is the outgrowth of the poets intellectual and emotional responses, it embra ces a number of human features, and represents the poets work in his/her entirety. Considering the diversity of the topics covered in poetry, there have been several studies on it, each covering only a limited part of poetry. Among the issues of great interest to literary critics is diction and the modality of its application to poetry. The reason underlying this urgency of diction is the aesthetics involved and its impression on the reader, as well as the high capacity of diction to convey the mental and emotional state expressed in poetry.

The present article was drafted as part of a research project whose goal was to examine the effective factors in constructive leadership as well as presenting an appropriate model. Along with describing the position of leadership in the organization, leadership theories have been subjected to scrutiny. In the long run an appropriate leadership model based on three parameters: management situation, staff situation, and the organizational situation is presented and put to test in 94 branches of the Census Bureau and Municipalities across the Khorasan province. The result of the testing of the hypotheses was negative and finally approving the linkage between the leadership model and its effectivity. In conclusion some propositions have been presented on the strength of the results at hand to optimize effectivity.