Political Quarterly
Year:2008 | Volume:38 | Issue:2|Papers Count:19

Millions of people in underdeveloped countries, have assumed poverty as a principal of life in globalization age. In comparison with advanced countries, Asian, African and Latin American countries are characterized as poor societies. Lack of equally access to economic and social opportunities, low level of life, economic stagnation, political instability, and such factors are taken into account typically as characteristics of the underdeveloped countries. Although, phenomenon of globalization has awarded better living conditions for the world as a whole, however, the gap between rich and poor societies has been more widen by that. In fact, globalization has pushed the poor countries to margine of the world society. 

Farabi has simultaniously deep philosopical debates and very clear literature in the area of political sciology. He analyses society as hierarchy. The features of temper and psychological and capabilities have been affected by that hierarchy which is desinged and leept by political leaders. Therefore rule, leadership and politics are important from Farabi’s view. But at the same time education is also important for Farabi, because it causes eultivation of capaetus and special skills for human being. Therfore, Farabi is a cultured thinker who is argued that values, norms, symbols, beliefs, and people attitudes have important role in their social actions. He refers to cultural’s role in badavi socities which have political and structural consequences. He points out to geography and others spheres in forming culture. Farabi by considering above assumptions, analyses political evolution and stability that are affected by social interactions. These interactions are affected by members ideas and tempers. Individual thought is affected by education, but human temper is creuted by political and social structures. Therfore, Farabi refers to two essential variables, that are called governers and scientists. 

Social and political culture can be conceived as a trend consisting of ethical rules as its stractur, scientific thought as its process and dynamic knowledge of facts as its agenda Elhical rules are intedecd to solve structural problems, scientific that is aimed at gaining knowledge corresponding with the facts, and the agenenda is not affaring truth but reliable and dynamic knowledge of the facts, or an everdeveloping process of examing and comparing abstract though with the concrete entities. The three elements of structure, process and agenda, as mentioned above, constitute scientific culture. The International relations theory, as a scientific endevour, must be based on the triad, as indicated above in order to be capable of explaining and predicting, to some degree, the dynamic process of international relations. 

The aim of this article is to discuses the Martin Haideger's thought, its origins and applications in political thoughts. Some Iranian Religious Intellectuals have been influenced by Haiderger in criticizing concepts such as Democracy, Modernsation and the Western Philosophy. He belongs to the period of post modernism. The most critical feature for Hedger is to conserves Dekart concept of "Thinking-Being". Heidger puts the concept of Dazien-Thinking instead of thinking-Being. There has been a large challenges between pro-Poppers and pro-Heideger in Iran in an epoch- making period of 1365-to-1380. This period in known as era of Iran religious Intellectuals. 

The state of post revolutionary Iran adopted economic policies over 1980-1988 which we can phrase redistributive economic policies. According to a part of revolutionary literature, adoption of these policies by the post revolutionary state is, partly, one of the structural features of that state. But it is not a main debate of this article. Rather, basic concern of the article, as some of the political sociologist such as O’Conner & Offe argue, deal to the effect of the performing these economic policies on the structure and nature of the state. As concerned to the state of post revolutionary Iran, we argue that the performing these economic policies impact on the structure of this state and disintegrated it by two ways: arousing hermeneutic debates among political elites over scope and posture of the redistributive economic policies and transferring the sphere of class struggle from the social structure to the political one. The first fragmented and the second conflicted it and therefore help to the emergence of the non monolithic state in post revolutionary Iran. 

One of the most important fields in International Relations discipline is the study of International Organizations. Indeed, the rise of international and regional organizations in last decades causes a pervasive controversy among western scholars. But among Iranian scholars, we don't have any theoretical works on international organizations. This article attempt to investigate international organizations from four theoretical approaches: Realism, Liberalism, Marxism and Cosmopolitanism. 

Given the economic problems that was challenging US hegemony in the late of Cold War era, economic hegemony-seeking has been one of the foundational dimensions of US hegemonism in the Post-Cold War Era. Economic hegemony of a state depends on two main necessities: High national economic advantages, and capability for leadership of the world economy. Hence, other dimensions of hegemonic power such as high-level military power is strongly important. As a superpower state, the US has tried in the Post-Cold War era for both dominating trade opportunities and the leadership of world trade affairs. The US trade hegemony-seeking in this era has had two interrelated directions: Multilateral world direction in which the US tries to develop the GATT/WTO under American leadership, and preferential direction in which the US develops free trade agreements both regionally and bilaterally. 

This paper examines the evolution of nationalism and national identity in Europe and how it was transferred to and propagated in Central Asia by the Soviets. It further examines the challenge facing Central Asian peoples in the post-Soviet era; namely in defining a new national identity for themselves as new independent nation-states in the age of globalization. The paper attempts to demonstrate that the artificial nature of ethnic-based republics that are being created in the region is neither compatible with history and culture of Central Asia nor with the process of globalization. It argues that the anachronistic romantic nationalism championed by Central Asian leaders will only lead to further disintegration and possible conflict in the region. 

Japan as the second economic super power, has played an important role to improve foreign investment process in developing countries during last decades. In fact, economic issues have always allocated an important part of Japan's foreign relations to them. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the establishment of new independent countries in Central Asia had prepared a new economic arena for Japanese companies. Besides, changing of the structure of international order and the politico-economic characters of these new countries are the most reasons for Japanese politicians to revise their foreign policy in this region. However, the main question of this paper is finding a new model of Japan's policy for explaining its relations with Central Asian countries. An analytical and historical review on these trends and the challenges and opportunities of Japanese policymakers to reach their aims, especially in the field of energy and security will be attended in this paper.

Radical feminism is definable as a movement in second half of twentieth century that considers patriarchy or maledomination at the root of women’s oppression. According to this idea, the problem is born within the family and non equal relations between it’s male and female members, and then from hear goes to society and politics. The radical feminists were inspired by dominant discourse of new left philosophers. This school which emphasized upon culture instead of economy and refuted the apparent innocence of capitalism, will become an excellent example for new wave of feminism. This article will try to confirm the hypothesis that as the deconstructive point of view of Benjamin and Marcus about social and political change had very little chance to triumph, radical feminism inspired by it, couldn’t have another destiny. 

Stubborn explanationism results harsh consequences for political science, folloers of nomological deduction, always, neglect complexity of events and political developments. Author criticizes this view about explanation. Because it neglects description, historical contexts, contingency and imitatates natural science methodology. At last, he rejects formal–argumentive approach to explanation, and instead, emphasizeon mixing of explanation and interpretation.

During the last two decades, with the growth and development of network communications and increasing access of nations to the internet and ICTs, the world has been witnessing a dramatic change. Many scholars in political, sociological, and communication fields have been questioning the ability and capability of this phenomenon to strengthen democracy and citizen participation in political life within the framework of Habermasian concept of "public sphere". Each writer has examined relationships between Internet and politics or political power and their interactions from his point of view. A majority of these studies have shown that the "public sphere" as a conceptual framework is useful, but needs to be reformulated and adapted to specific circumstances of a society while considering capabilities and threats of CMC for social life. 

Using economic sanctions as an instrument to prevent proliferation of weapon of mass destruction in foreign policy is expanding today. To understand the role of nonproliferation of weapon of mass destruction in foreign policy of great powers and in imposing sanctions by Security Council particularly US and EU, bases of various literature structures especially study on international relations theories and sanctions must be considered. Obvious links between these bodies of literature not withstanding, the two are rarely discussed together. Regarding sanction against Iran The aim of this article is discuss current theoretical insights, and to drive hypotheses from each theory. 

Reviewing Zoroastrian teachings and his religious beliefs reveals a chance to represent a type of ethical discourse in the majesty of kingdom. The starting point of such an ethical discourse can be traced back in theological beliefs and ethical wisdom of this first Iranian theologian, so as in Zoroastrian theological teachings a set of obligatory principles is provided to relatively organize political and social signifiers based on a configuration of metaphysical disciplinary relationships of political authority. The departing point of such principles can be observed in his redefining pattern of “right” and “wrong” of kingship politics charter on the basis of an ideal archetype of ahuraian creation system and truth-like signified in illustrating the from and structure of Iranian ideal king for mundane governance. In the present article, an attempt has been made, through applying a brief analytical narration, to study and reanalyze the framework and components of this metaphorical sampling based on religious presuppositions, concepts and proposition of mazdaism. Such idea-concepts as ”ashah”, ”faithfulness” ”farrah“, ”justice”, ”function”, ”struggle” between good and evil” etc. Have been reviewed throughout the article. 

The 56th Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs opened with a key note address by the Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Massimo D’Alema, and the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon’s message in Bari, Italy, on 21 October 2008. In the week-long meeting, the participants discussed a wide array of topics related to regional security issues such as the status of nuclear arms control, the risks of nuclear proliferation, the renewed interest in nuclear energy, Pakistan- India dialogue over Kashmir, the Arab-Israeli conflict, the security of Iraq, the withdraw of US nuclear weapons deployed in Europe, missile defense and weapons in outer space, an Arctic nuclear weapon free zone and the global social responsibility of scientists. 

Explanation and evaluation of the book “Rational Choice and Security Studies, Stephen Walt and Its Critics”, edited by Brown Owen and Lynn Josomiller, has taken place in fact in the direction of exploration of the knowledge of security studies in international relations. In terms, examination of Walt’s rational choice approach, and the formal-mathematical model, can help us to present a clear alternative in the methodology of security studies. This explanation and evaluation, in general, points to critical articles against Walt’s informal-empirical method and then shows Walt’s replies in this area and in the end, addresses the evaluation and general explanation of the book and defense of plural methodology in the area of security studies of international relations.