MODERN GENETICS JOURNAL (MGJ)
Year:2016 | Volume:11 | Issue:3|Papers Count:16

one of the undesirable traits in eggplant is the bitterness of fruits. Eggplant specific piquant and bitter taste is mainly due to the presence of solasonine glycoalkaloid. Solasonine is generated and accumulated by adding sugars to solasodine alkaloid by solasodine glycosyltransferase (SGT) enzymes. These enzymes have been purified and characterized in eggplant, but the encoding genes have not been identified before. In this study, sgt1 gene sequences in solanaceae family were collected and conserved sites were specified by multi-alignment and proper primers were designed. DNA and RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were conducted by related protocols. PCR reactions for DNA and cDNA, with different combinations of the designed primers, lead to amplification of various bands in different sizes between 200 to 3000 bp. These fragments were separated and sequenced. The obtained sequences were assayed and by elimination of overlap sites, sequences of encoding site of this gene were achieved. Bioinformatics' analysis illustrated high similarity between our got sequence and sgt1 gene sequences in other species of solanaceae family such as potato, tomato, pepper, and tobacco. Access to the sequence of sgt1 gene in eggplant can be a preliminary to similar studies and attainment to sgt2 and sgt3 sequences. Down expressing and silencing of these genes would result production of new eggplant genotypes with less bitterness and better quality.

determination of dispersion is one of the major challenges in the biological studies. Also, assignment test is applied to identify the origin of a specific individual, population differentiation and medical forensic cases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity and assigning individuals to 5 populations ofCamelus dromedarius in north of Kerman using 8 autosomal microsatellite markers. Eighty one blood samples were collected from Shahr-e Babak, Rafsanjan and Ravar. Total DNAs of the samples using salting out were extracted and applied for genotyping analysis. The expected heterozygosity varied from 0.77 in Sahra-e Jahad population to 0.84 in Rafsenjan 1 population. The individual’s assignment was done using 7 different methods. Among the methods base on the likelihood, the Rannala and Mountain method and among the methods base on the genetic distance, Nei DA method showed the highest accuracy. Totally, markers used in this study could assign the individuals to their source population with 29 % accuracy.

to map QTLs for traits associated with accumulation of Calcium (Ca), 148 doubled-haploid (DH) population derived from a cross between Clipper (low Ca accumulator) and Sahara3771 (high Ca accumulator) was screened for the concentration and content of Ca at the maturity stage, under controlled condition. The experiment was conducted in CRD with 3 replications. The new 30 ISSR marker loci were added to a backbone of 466 loci on the Clipper x Sahara DH linkage map. The map spanned 1460 centimorgans (cM) and had a mean density of 2 loci per 3 cM. The QTL analysis led to identification of 5 and 2 QTLs for shoot Ca concentration and content, respectively; which explained 75 and 23 percent of the total phenotypic variation, respectively. The QTL on chromosome 2H, with 52 % had the largest effect for concentration of Ca. The identifications of QTLs with large effects on shoot and grain Ca concentration and contents illustrate the usefulness of molecular markers in gene mapping and suggest that marker-assisted selection will be feasible in the near future in Ca efficiency breeding programs.

compatible solutes or osmoprotectants serve as nontoxic solutes for cytoplasmic osmoregulation. Glycine betaine is one of the most critical compatible solutes accumulated by many plants in response to adverse effects of various abiotic stresses. In some species named Glycine betaine accumulators, Glycine betaine is synthesized by a two-step oxidation of choline by choline monooxygenase (CMO) and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) enzymes. According to theArabidopsis thaliana genome database (TAIR) there are the most likely two AtALDH8 and AtALDH9 genes coding BADH enzyme. In this study, using the relative expression analysis via quantitative Real-Time PCR, it has been evaluated how the expression pattern of these genes affected by drought levels in Arabidopsis thaliana tissues including fast expanding leaves, fully expanded leaves, and roots. It has been denoted that the mRNA induction level of the AtALDH9 gene varies in tissues in response to drought levels. However, the expression of AtALDH8 gene is affected negligibly by these factors. While 12-day of water withholding made no changes in the expression level of AtALDH9 gene in fully expanded leaves, the expression level of the gene were changed at about 0.7-fold and 4-fold in fast expanding leaves and roots, respectively. Differently, after 16-day of water withholding the expression level of AtALDH9 gene rose about 2.5-fold in fast expanding leaves and reduced about 0.2-fold in both fully expanded leaves and roots. Generally, it seems that AtALDH9 is the gene accountable in Arabidopsis in response to drought stress.

somatic cells are one of the milk components produced as a result of natural regeneration of the glandular tissue of mammary gland. The count of these cells in milk reflects the health state of cows; hence their level is an important indicator for improvement of livestock. In this study association between genotypes of genes located on BTA6 (OPN, PPARGC1A) and somatic cell count (SCC) in milk was investigated. Therefore, DNA was isolated from blood samples collected from 398 Holstein cows of Tehran and Esfahan provinces by salting out method. PCR-RFLP method was used for genotyping SNPs in genes. Linear models analysis with fixed effects of genotypes indicated significant associations between c.3359 genotypes of PPARGC1A gene and c.8514 genotypes of OPN gene with SCC (P<0.05). So that, the highest mean of SCC was for AC and CC genotypes in PPARGC1A (3359) and OPN (8514) loci, respectively. Although more studies are needed to confirm the present results, but these genomic regions can be used as genetic markers to improve bovine mastitis in dairy cows.

in this study, photochemical and genetic diversity of three yarrow’s populationsAchillea wilhelmsii C. Koch of Hormozgan province were evaluated using nine RAPD primers. In general, 112 polymorphic bands were produced from the applied primers. The mean value of polymorphic bands was 12/44 per primer bond. The Analysis of cluster base on Jacquard correlation coefficient was performed by using UPGMA algorithm on three populations of yarrow which contain 30 plant samples. Individuals in three populations were completely separated in clusters which revealed genetic distance between populations. In addition, the chemical compounds and the amount of essential oils, three Yarrow masses have been investigated at this study. The obtained results indicate that there were a high differences between all studied masses in their essential oil compounds. The compound of d-2-Carene with 33.79 percent was the most observed compound in the studied Yarrow masses in Hormozgan province. In general, the results of this experiment showed that there was a high genetic and phytochemical diversity in Achillea (Yarrow) populations in terms of used molecular marker and their essential oil compounds.

physiological activity and biochemical changes continues in postharvest of cut flowers. These conditions reduce the longevity of flowers and accelerate the senescence process. In order to identify informative AFLP markers for description of senescence in Chrysanthemum, association analysis was used. The relationships between biochemical traits and molecular markers based on 25 primer combinations (Eco RI and Mse I) and genetic structure of 44 chrysanthemum genotypes were evaluated. The results of correlation coefficient indicated a positive and significant correlation between protein concentration and lipid peroxidation (r=0.304**) as indicators of senescence. Results of MLM association analysis model for 5 variable showed that 143 AFLP markers were found to be associated with biochemical traits in Chrysanthemum, whereas GLM model identified 419 markers for biochemical traits. Moreover, we were able to identify 49 markers associated with malondialdehyde. However, only 14 AFLP markers associated with petal senescence. The strongest association was detected between AFLP markers of M-CAC/E-AGA13, with superoxide dismutase enzyme which explained 47 percent of variation. The most variation of petal senescence (32%) was accounted by M-CTT/E-AAC35 marker. Also, our results showed that some of the markers were co-associated with different chemical traits. Moreover, informative markers such as M-CTG/E-ACC16, M-CAA/E-AAG40 and M-CTG/E-AGA3 that have been shown to significant correlation with several traits can used for breeding programs and other analyses associated with future studies of Chrysanthemum if they contribute to increase longevity in other experiments.

current research was carried out to study accuracy of single and multi-trait genomic prediction for two traits with 0.1 and 0.6 heritability; four 10, 50, 150 and 500 underlying QTL numbers for each trait and five normal, uniform, t, gamma and Laplace distributions for QTL effects using stochastic simulation. A genome with 10 Morgan lengths was simulated and 10000 markers were evenly spaced within it. In each scenario QTLs was randomly distributed on genome and their substitution effects was drawn from one of mentioned distributions. In order to create linkage disequilibrium between markers and QTLs genetic drift was used for 50 generations. In generation 51, called reference population, number of individuals increased to 1000 animals and phenotype of each of these animals was simulated. Marker effects were estimated in reference population using single and multi-trait best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) methods. By using these estimated markers effects and genotype of markers for juvenile animals in generation 52, called validation population, genomic breeding values were predicted and different scenarios of this study were compared using accuracy of the predictions. Results of this study showed that in all scenarios high heritable trait had higher accuracy than low heritable trait. As well as, multi-trait BLUP increased nearly 10 percent accuracy of breeding values for low heritable trait, when genetic correlation between traits was 0.6. In all studied scenarios accuracies of genomic breeding values not affected by changes in number of QTLs and different distribution for QTLs effects. Therefore, multi-trait BLUP method without sensitivity to genetic architecture of traits can be used for genetic evaluation of low heritable traits.

medicinal plants have a range of significant impacts on human health due to their valuable bioactive compounds with medicinal properties. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) belongs to the family of Astracease, is one of the important medicinal plants which produces several types of secondary metabolites such as triterpenoid saponins. Triterpenoid saponins are the most important terpene compounds, which are often in glycosylated form as valuable substances have many applications in industry and medicine. b-amyrin synthase, an important member of the oxidosqualene cyclases family of enzymes in plants, play a crucial role in triterpene saponin biosynthesis. Because of the importance of saponins in chicory plants, partial isolation and expression of the encoding gene of b-amyrin synthase was aimed. RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis, partial cloning and nucleotide sequencing were successfully performed. Sequencing and bioinformatic analysis of the partial coding regions revealed that the partial isolated b-amyrin synthase gene in chicory is very similar to the β-amyrin synthase in other plant species, particularly Aster and Artemisia. Additionally, transcript gene expression analysis with semi-quantitative RT-PCR method and using GAPDH as reference gene was performed in leaf and root tissues of two different chicory genotypes. Results illustrated that expression levels of b-amyrin in root tissues was significantly higher than those in leaf tissues. Moreover, the transcript level of b -amyrin was considerably different between the two genotypes. The results of this study can be used in a complementary basic research in chicory and also to increase saponins through metabolic engineering.

in order to detect QTLs for yield and some important agronomic traits via association mapping, 100 cultivars of winter barley (Hordeum vulgare) were evaluated in a lattice design with two replications. Yield, kernel per spike, thousand kernel weight, heading date, harvest index and plant height were measured. The population was genotyped using 3964 SNPs with minor allele frequency (MAFs) more than 10 percent. Molecular analysis of the population structure appeared two subpopulations consistent with ear row number. Average LD was observed to decay with distance increase and in the subpopulations was more than of that in the whole genome. Using a mixed linear model with kinship for controlling spurious LD effects, a total of 103 significant marker trait associations were found.47 of the significant associations had previously been reported and 56 QTLs were reported for the first time. SNP_3660 linked with the yield and SNP_1432 associated with the kernel per spike, the thousand kernel weight and the spike morphology (two rows and six rows) had maximum -Log P and could be considered for marker assisted selection. This study showed that association mapping is a powerful tool for quantitative trait loci localization.

the symbiotic relationships between chickpea and Mesorhizobia are important for nitrogen symbiotic fixation and also yield potential. The precise identification of physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in contrasting responses in symbiotic effectiveness of symbiotic associations will be used to enhance productivity through genetic engineering and breeding methods. In this study, symbiotic efficiency of chickpea with twoMesorhizobium species (Mesrhizobium ciceri CP-31 andM. mediterraneum SWRI9) were compared based on their growth traits. According to the results, symbiotic efficiency in chickpea- M. mediterraneum SWRI9 symbiosis was higher than chickpea- M. ciceri CP-31 symbiosis because higher content of shoot, root and nodule dry weight and also nodule number in this symbiotic association. This result was confirmed by higher expression level of nifK in chickpea- M. mediterraneum SWRI9 symbiosis. In addition, a noticeable difference in activity of enzymes related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism was observed in nodules of both symbiotic associations. The activity of sucrose synthase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, malate dehydrogenase, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase and NAD-malic enzyme and also key enzymes of oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) was higher in chickpea- M. mediterraneum SWRI9 symbiosis. A higher activity for enzymes responsible for ammonium assimilation and amino acid biosynthesis (glutamate synthetase, glutamine synthetase, amino acid transpherase and NAD/NADH glutamate dehydrogenase) was observed in nodules of chickpea- M. mediterraneum SWRI9 symbiosis. Collectively, higher symbiotic efficiency of chickpea- M. mediterraneum SWRI9 symbiosis may be associated with higher expression of nifK and also the activity of the key enzymes related to the nodule carbon and nitrogen metabolism.

in this study, karyotype of 18 samples of wild diploid and tetraploid of wheat ancestors were examined which includes four samples of theT. Boeoticum, six samples of Ae.taushii, four samples of Ae triuncialis, one sample of Ae cylindrical and also two unknown samples.Chromosomal characteristics such as total length of chromosomes, long arm and short arm length were measured. Thereafter the other characteristics including the ratio of long to short arm, centromere index and chromosome relative length percentage was calculated and the samples were compared on the base of chromosomal characteristics. In cluster analysis on the base of chromosomes characteristics, the samples are divided into two groups (diploids and tetraploids) by Euclidean distance. Two unknown samples were diploid that have showed by chromosomal counting. Tetraploid wheats had more asymmetric karyotype than diploids.In order to evaluate the morphological diversity two diploid wild wheat (Ae.tauschi and T. Boeoticum) in terms of agronomic traits were also evaluated in the field. Cluster analysis showed three groups and species are well-separated except Ae. Tauschii (44) which was grouped individually. But In grouping process on the basis of karyotype characteristic, diploid species were not separated from each other that might be because of agronomical properties which were the result of genes expression while karyotype characteristics were due to chromosomal differences and similarities that necessarily doesn’t lead to genetic and phenotypic similarity.

in sugar beet fields, shoot elongation in the first year called "Bolting" causes reduction of the root yield and white sugar yield. Identification of genetic control of flowering can be useful in development of bolting-resistant cultivars in sugar beet. A similar molecular mechanism for flowering control has been found in the most plants". In this study, sugar beet nucleotide sequences were searched in the Genbank database against protein sequences of FRIGIDA and VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 in Arabidopsis by tblastn software. Primers were designed from two similar founded records and used in PCR reactions. Two leaf samples were prepared from the field plants before and after vernalization. cDNA synthesized from extracted RNA of the samples and used as template in PCR reactions. cDNA fragments 896 bp and 1000 bp of VIN3 and FRI genes respectively were obtained from sequencing procedure and for the first time, these sequences were recorded in the Genbank database. FRIGIDA-like protein causes late flowering by increasing RNA levels of FLC gene.VIN3 protein containing a PHD-finger domain that acts as binding modules of methylated histone H3 in FLC gene and repressed expression of FLC gene in during vernalization.

deciphering the genetic basis of phenotypic diversity is one of the main aims of biological research.Domestic animals are useful tool for making substantial progress towards this goal. Selection signatures are the regions of the genome that are functionally important and therefore have been under either natural or artificial selection. In this paper, a whole genome scan was performed using 3000 individuals, ~50000 SNP markers from nine populations of Australian Merino sheep, with the aim of identifying divergently selected regions of the genome. Five genomic regions on 4 chromosomes were identified as putatively harboring selective sweeps. These regions were located on chromosomes 6, 7, 11 (two areas) and 26. These selected genomic regions were surveyed to find encoding putative candidate genes and 9 genes were extracted from areas Ovine Genome v3.1 Assembly.Study of the reported QTL in these regions of the sheep genome showed that they overlapped with QTL of economically important traits such as carcass yield, growth and wool traits. Further investigation of these regions in validation studies will help to identify the candidate genes for economically important traits in sheep breeds.

many studies on the defence and stress mechanisms in plants are based on gene expression. The stability of the reference genes expression used in real-time PCR is a further major step in data normalization. For validation of reference genes as internal control in wheat flag leaves under drought stress, the expression stability of eight candidate genes, including ribosomal RNA subunit (18S rRNA), ubiquitin (UBQ and WUB), Actin (ACT), glyseraldehyd-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), RNase L inhibitor-like protein (RLI), beta-tubulin 4 (bTUB) and ATP-dependent 26s proteasome regulatory subunit (Ta.22845), was evaluated using NormFinder and BestKeeper softwaresResults indicated that RLI and UBQ were the most stable genes, whereas 18S rRNA was least stable gene among the eight tested genes for the normalization of gene expression in wheat flag leaf under drought and normal conditions.

microsatellites are widely used for designing of gene mapping, genetic distance estimation and evaluation of different animals. The aim of present study was investigation of association of microsatellite markers polymorphism with production and reproduction traits of Sanjabi sheep. Blood samples were randomly collected from 78 ewes and 22 rams of Sanjabi sheep and transported to laboratory. After extraction of DNA by salting out method, 11 microsatellite loci (GC101, LSCV043, TGLA377, CSSM47, OarFCB128, OarAE101, BM1329, BM143, OarHH55, OarHH35 and OarHH64) were amplified by specific primers and polymerase chain reaction. By electrophoresis of productions on 8% polyacrylamide gel, different alleles were recognized and then data were analyzed by using of software program SAS 9.1 and POPGENE. The mean of number of observed and effective alleles were 5.82 and 4.05, respectively. PIC amount of markers was in range of 0.63 (TGLA377) to 0.82 (OarHH35). The mean of observed and expected heterozygosity was 0.64 and 0.77 in between loci, respectively. Also, the statistical analysis showed that genotypes associated with markers TGLA377, CSSM47, OarFCB128, OarHH35, OarHH55 and OarHH64 have had a significant effect (P<0.01) on the twinning of Sanjabi sheep and genotypes associated with markers GC101, LSCV043, TGLA377, CSSM47, OarAE101, BM143 and OarHH64 have had a significant effect (P<0.05) on body weight gain traits in different ages. Due to the findings, it can be concluded that except of marker BM1329, other studied markers are suitable on body weight gain and twinning traits in breeding programs of Sanjabi sheep.