JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN ASSOCIATION OF ARABIC LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
Year:2010 | Volume:6 | Issue:15|Papers Count:9

These symbols the poet perpetuates in his poem through his innovative power or such symbols include his primary desire i.e. extracted from language, literature and history and give special meaning and soul to them.Al-Sayyab is among contemporary poets who for the sake of bring the poetic structure out of fogeyish bond, uses personal symbolisms in his poems.Of course, in the past Arabic literature, symbolisms like moon, sword - arc - cross were employed. But al-Sayyab with due attention to his poetic needs in the contemporary setup created personal symbolisms like death and resurrection, Jeikur, Boawib and Wafighe.The veil is yet another technique of symbolism that in fact has taken out from an idiom from theater and exhibition. In the poems of al-Sayyab four principle veils are: Ayyoob, Tammuz, Christ and Sisyphus.

Jaykour, a small village in Basra province, is considered not only as al- Sayyab hometown but a river that irrigates gardens and trees of his poems and ode. This village is not merely his nursing place or childhood play ground rather it is considered as living soul which feeds growing sapling in deep spirit of human being downtrodden by tyrants oppressors whose representatives seems to be the city, whose shadow of death cast upon the life of citizens and especially over migrant strangers. In Badr's viewpoint, the village is a very fortune star, where the poet rides over a flying white horse, visualizes it as a star lightening the night for the wanderers.If we look closely at the poetical works of Badr Shakir al-Sayyab, we could come across four stages of his literary life i.e. romantic, figurative, realism, and self recurrence. We would see that Jaykour is a source of what one may visualize and is a symbol of wishes and prospects. It is an entity that lives and resurrects dead peoples; it is a beating heart that is flowing blood into humans' veins. Jaykour is an overall prosperity through which the poet opens his wings and gets affinity with until he forgets his misery and poverty in the city. This paper intends to study this myth taking into account some of the poet's odes. A mystery about which the poet stated himself: "Jaykour is my poetical works...".

Certainly, preparing dictionaries in all languages including Arabic language has a special importance. In Arabic language, preparing a dictionary began during Islamic era. In this period, lexicographers were not only grammarians, literary men and interpreters but they were linguists too. It is said that Khalil-ibn-Ahmad was the first who prepared a dictionary. His book was al-Eyn. However, difficulties in the process of preparing this book caused some of the lexicographers to try to search for an easy process. One of the most famous persons who tried to facilitate al-Eyn was Ibn-e-Dorayd. His dictionary was Jamharat-ol-Loghah. So for, he is considered the person who brought new methodology in preparing the dictionary. Ibn-e-Dorayd added vocabularies which had not been explained in previous works. So he was very famous in the field of the vocabulary. After him, other lexicographers used his dictionary as an important reference to prepare dictionaries. In this article, we investigate his Ibn-e-Dorayd's attempts in preparing the dictionary and facilitating the methods used by former lexicographers.

The expansion of Persian words in European languages is an important topic of discussion in the field of etymology which can be studied from different aspects including semantic changes, phonetic changes, transfer process, and the role of intermediary languages. Since, most of these words have been transferred indirectly, the study of the role and influence of the intermediary languages in this process seems important. The study of these languages indicates that the role of Arabic language is more outstanding, in a way, in many cases the most important European dictionaries in finding the root of these Arabicized Persian words have made mistakes and introduced them as Arabic words. This paper aims at studying some of the Persian words in European languages which have been transferred with the immediate intermediary of Arabic language. In this part, it has been tried to study this process in an analytic and descriptive way.

Distinct viewpoints of syntactic and eloquences to language have caused each of these two groups to consider the literary texts differently and so to interpret and justify its apparent and hidden angels. This difference in viewpoint to language structures has had many practical consequences in understanding the literary texts.Native eloquent, who mostly pay attention to the spirit and softness of language, always practice subjects like brevity, ellipsis, restriction etc. and to them, literal text has many unwritten aspects that are understandable through literary enthusiasm. But from syntactic point of view, language is a solid block whose appearance has been taken into account.This difference in subjects such as nominal and verbal sentence, interrogative glottal stop, asyndeton pronoun, beginning sentence, and sentence hendiadys to declarative sentence and vice versa is clearly shown. This article briefly tries to investigate examples of these different viewpoints.

"Kaanna" is one of the significant syntactic issues that, in the past, has attracted the attention of various grammarians, and so it does at the present.It is probably one of the most controversial syntactic subjects among experts, especially in case of "Vaikaanna" and "Kaanna ... be ..." The present article tries to review these two structures of "Kaanna ... be ..." and "Vaikaanna" in respect of their syntactic interpretations.Firstly, the researchers set forth various viewpoints provided by the past and present experts. Then they try to compare and criticize the syntactic and rhetorical aspects of these issues and finally based on the rhetorical Arabic text such as the Holy Qur'an and its successor, Nahj al-Balagha, the most authentic idea related to every argument is put forward.

Arabic language teaching has gone enormous transformation in Iran after the victory of the Islamic Revolution. Among these transformations was addition of "translation workshop" to the high school Arabic textbook. Increasing student ability in comprehending Arabic and translating from Arabic to Farsi, changing their attitude toward Arabic and paving the way for students' cooperation in intra and extra-classroom activities are among major goals of "translation workshop" section of the books.A questionnaire was used to collect data from 287 students and 19 teachers. The overall results of this study shows that translation workshop have been successful attempt from the viewpoint of most students and teachers. Therefore, it seems that much more attention should be paid to the test than the grammar in Arabic textbooks.

The method of criticism of textbooks differs for other books. Textbooks have a determined plan called "curriculum".So all details which are seen in a textbook can be traced in its curriculum. In other words, textbook is a building whose contents have comes as guides. Therefore, before any criticism, it is necessary to study the curriculum and look at it critically. Then go through the textbook itself and compare the amount of their correspondence. With this comparison, it can be seen that there are a lot of endeavor to make these two documents corresponding.

Jamalodin Ali Ibn Mohammad Ibn Abdorahman Kanani, Dameshghi, Shafeie, also known as Ibn Aragh, was born in Beirut in 907 and died in 963 (A-H). He had expertise in jurisprudence, hadith, recitation and other disciplines such as mathematics, trigonometry and poetic criticism. He was an outstanding speaker and the leader of people in Medina. Ibn Aragh wrote a number of books including the one entitled Tanzih Al-shariah al-Marfouah al-Akhbar shaniah al-Mouzoua. His other work is kept unknown until now is AI-Tazkerato Soghra which is kept in Koperili library of Istanbul. This valuable work contains useful literary, ethical, social, motto, jurisprudence, medical, and piety and praying materials, interpretation of Qur'anic verses, and other subjects in prose and verse. It was written in three volumes and was revised and edited by the author.In this paper, some subjects such as, science and wisdom superiority, the ways of making friends, behaving to others, wisdom and ethical advantages have been studied.