JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN ASSOCIATION OF ARABIC LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
Year:2012 | Volume:8 | Issue:24|Papers Count:8

Sa'dallah Wannous is a great Syrian play writer who has made great endeavor to flourish and help make Arabic playwright shine. His works have an elevated position among original Arabic dramas the one being Al-Malek -ho- Al-Malek which is the most prominent sample of contemporary dramas. This work focuses on everyday problems of Arabs and reflects realities of Arab society and their rulers.Tanas (intertextual) is a prominent term in modem Arabic criticism and is an outcome of a French term 'intertext'. This term means connection and intermittence of a text with other. This term possesses different rules and forms. Sensational play and its high level of acceptance among Arabs motivated the authors to consider it from new point of view.Contemporary creative play writer in order to make their works forceful could interpolate old invaluable heritage with them. Sa'dallah Wannous are one among those who in his work Al-Malek -ho- AI- Malek effectively took help of fables and stories of renowned Alef Laila (Hazar-o- Y ek Shab).Taking into account intertextual phenomena, the current paper tries to evaluate the proposed playwright and highlight different forms of intertextaulity in two fields i.e. story and technocal method.

Complaint is interpreted as sufferings from the problems people confront with in their social and individual life and verbalize them in order to soothe their sufferings. Complaint is one of poetic styles in Arabic literature and has a wide field wherein poets' imaginations move freely. Complaints of the time are among the most important issues that Abbasid poets dealt with and therefore they were formed in that era itself.The art of complaint can be found in poetry of most of the poets of modern times. Hafiz Ibrahim, among contemporary poets, has an edge in this art. He experienced orphanage and suffered lots of problems in his life which have had enough influence on his spirit and made him complain. He complains about individual and social poverty. He complains about aliens' attempts such as "Denshvai" incident, their plundering of riches and Egyptians' mistreatment and wars they brought in. He takes complaints as relieving his sadness and brings the epoch with different names in his poems. Complaint has very important place in the poetry of Hafiz. In other words, he is a flag bearer of the art of complaint in his era and has no competitor in this field. The subject aims to focus on the complaining of cruelty, poverty, oppression and epoch in the poetry of Hafiz in order to clarify those complaints and to refer their reasons. The methodology followed in this study is descriptive.

Reader-response criticism revolves on this aspect that a reader's take and understanding is very important and fundamental in reading a text. This aspect, on the other side is considered a hypothesis "Death of the Author" of Roland Barthes. It seems that Barthes and his followers have had some political motives behind presenting their theories. In the way of cultural campaign against Communist regime, he propounded the matter of "Death of the Author" and "Birth of the Reader". Since attention to reader in the history of Islamic rhetoric arose from Rhetoric philosophy without any political hearsay. Among predecessors, Ibn Rashiq Qirwani, Abdel Qahir Jorjani, Jahez, Ibn Qoteyba Dinvari are some scholars who had enough emphasis on the reader-axis to understand Arabic texts. Apart, in the era of ancient Persian poetry too, attention was given on reader quality e.g. in the works of Attar Neshabouri, Ain al- Ghozzat Hamedani. In this essay, an attempt is made to indicate the background of attention to reader in Islamic Rhetoric and explain and analyze the view of European critics. Analyzing the theory of reader-response, the author of the current paper found that the principal parts which explain the reading include: 1- reader's mood 2- reader's identity.

Adie bin Zaid is one of the Christian poets in the period of ignorance. He was a writer and ambassador in Sassanid Court and since early age he was fluent in both Persian and Arabic.This poet did not say anything about ignorance poems. There is no eulogy in his collection and proud and phoneme are in some of their couplets. He was the pioneer and the foremost in using khamr as in independent art and in this area. Poets such as Asha and Akhtal followed him. He also surpassed in fictional and etezariyat poems other poets of the age of ignorance. Adie bin Zaid is counted as innovator because of his recreation in goals, forms and ignorant poetic content. His poems in most of odes have new meanings and far away from imitation. The current paper tries to study this innovative poet especially with reference to his poetic goal, forms and contents.

Abdul-Wahab al-Bayati is among the poets who have made enormous use of code in his poems. One of the old codes used perfectly by the poet is Mysticism. A study of the poet's life indicates that he knew Moulavi very well, and was quite familiar with his works. Thus, the present paper intends to find responses to the following questions:1. Whether Bayati was influenced by Moulavi in his poetic codes?2. Which codes in Moulavi's poems caught Bayati's attention? 3. Considering that Bayati is a revolutionary poet, why did he use the mystical terms, used by Moulavi in his poems? The hypotheses of this paper are: 1. Having examined Bayati's poetry, it is provable that he was influenced by Moulavi.2. The maximum influence was put by Moulavi's Nei Nameh and the relevant important codes such as "Reed" as well as Divan-e-Shams and important symbols like "Shams" and "Gazelle". 3. Although Bayati used Moulavi's mystical codes, he colors it with his own goal, i.e. revolution and freedom. In fact, he empties such codes from their initial meanings, and covers them on his revolutionary thoughts.

With the emergence of formalists in the early twentieth century, attempts were intensified on the part of narratologists to arrive at a stable pattern in order to study stories and narratives. It was at this time that a Russian formalist anthropologist Vladimir Propp, inspired by the same narratologists, developed an approach to study stories. Propp found out that fairy tales were superficially of various kinds where their heroes and actions had some unity and all these actions could be conflated into thirty one kinds. And that breakthrough was the beginning of the modern narratology.Najib Mahfouz is one of the most renowned contemporary Arab novelists whose narratives and novels are full of Occidental symbolic elements with modern Western structural genres hence, they qualify for the morphological study. The current paper is an attempt to analyze and study Najib Mahfouz's al-Soman val-Kharif on the basis Propp's morphological theory and to show that to what extent it follows Propp's finding. The research findings show that while the thirty one functions are identifiable in Mahfouz's story, its end, however, is different from that of fairy tales i.e. while the hero apparently pulls away from the battle field, he continues with an inner battle with the evil.

After two world wars in twentieth century and establishment of the Zionist regime in the Middle East, the region could witness entanglement time and again that prepared the ground for war literature with brilliant works in Arabic. Although the works that are connected to war literature and war story have common aspects but the works that deal about the Lebanese civil war, could be able to give a new method to the war literature.In the meantime, female authors have also narrated the apparent and secret aspects of the civil war in their short and long stories where "Hajr al Zohk" is one of its kinds written by Hoda Barakat. In this story, Barakat by putting the hero on the course of events describes a space where smaller events involve a frightful disaster and form a lot of knots in the war texture which involved Lebanese citizens and swallowed them. The current research attempts describe the most important specialties of literary style of the story written by Barakat. The research method is descriptive - analytical and is based on the newest published sources on the Lebanon civil war and the most important result of the research is different usage of the story elements and applying methods such as stream of consciousness, single speech, and inter-contextual in describing the technique by Barakat who could be able to criticize the disaster of Lebanon civil war by developing a critical- descriptive style.