Ethics in Science and Technology
Year:2019 | Volume:14 | Issue:1 |Papers Count:23

Background Because of the highlighted role of ethical responsibility in social and individual life, it is looked as an important issue in ethics area. Social responsibility that is defined as a sub-factor of ethical responsibility will have such an important place. What is discussed in responsibility discussions commonly is the “ human will” . Responsibility is more based on the free will. In the public society, someone who is determined is not responsible. Therefore, responsibility and human will are closely depended together. On the other hand each definition of will is related to the determinism. There is various kind of determinism and social determinism is one of them. Perspectives that focus on social situations as determiners of situations disregard the human will and they are believe in social determinism. According to these issues, this study attempts to consider the social and individual responsibility against social determinism Conclusion By disregarding or minimizing the concept of human will, determinism disregarded the concept of ethical responsibility in our social and individual life. Such events have broad consequences for social and individual life.

Background As a peculiar epistemological procedure to understand and represent world facts, literature has constantly imparted major contributions to human knowledge. Literature’ s epistemological effects bear on both cognitive and affective measures; however, its emotional functioning is more remarkable. Fiction resorts to mimesis on readers’ mind in developing such moral emotions as empathy, sympathy and compassion in order to build up an emotional balance through discharging adverse emotions. The educational consequences of fiction are in line with affective approach to ethics, according to which avoiding the break between moral judgment and moral act relies on the emotional perception of self and others’ feelings and beliefs, as well as the nature of intergroup social relations. Moral behavior grounded on emotive knowledge is called emotional-oriented morality in this article, which attempts to explain the role of emotions in directing people toward moral virtue and to assess the epistemological effects of fiction in that regard. Conclusion The effective involvement of fiction as a tool for moral goodness, in a cultural setting demands psychological and sociological scrutiny. Children’ s literature and translated literature are two critical areas of effect due to their acute emotive impacts on readers. Provided that the cultural qualities of the affective system dominating the target community are taken into account, fiction can play a significant role in the development of emotion-oriented morality by building a rich and balanced repertoire of familiar and common emotion on the one hand, and complex and emergent emotions on the other.

Background Public participation in decisions regarding natural resources is the easiest way to preserve these resources. It seems that having human of conservation ethics of natural resources, has affect on their participation in the preservation of natural resources. This survey research was done to investigate the relationship between conservation ethics of natural resources and participation in degraded forest land reclamation project. Method This research is descriptive survey. The study population consisted all villager participants in the degraded forest land reclamation project in 58 villages in the Central and Gonbaki Division in Rigan County (N=1600). Using cluster sampling 360 participants selected for study. Data was gathered by questionnaire. Statistical tests used were the Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Data analyzed by SPSS software. Results Most participants in the project have a strong conservation ethics of natural resources. The perception of the consequences of the destruction of the forest land, agricultural land, number of livestock, number of family members, number of trips to the city and relationship with extension worker has significant and positive relationship with participation in the degraded forest land reclamation project. Conservation ethics of natural resources has a positive and significant relationship with participation in the project is the restoration of degraded forest lands. Conclusion Having villagers of conservation ethics of natural resources has a relationship with their participation in degraded forest land reclamation project, so it is recommended content codification of educational courses of project with impacts on strengthen ethics training content development projects, with emphasis on strengthening the conservation ethics of natural resources.

Background Ethical and supportive leadership are among the leadership styles that have been seriously addressed in recent years. These types of leadership styles can influence the level of organizational effectiveness through different constructs. This research was administered with the aim of investigating the roles of ethical leadership and supportive leadership on psychological capital and organizational effectiveness. Method Research method was correlation and statistical population was the employees of an industrial organization in Isfahan city, among them 380 persons were selected using simple random sampling. Research instruments were included ethical leadership questionnaire, supportive leadership questionnaire, psychological capital questionnaire and organizational effectiveness questionnaire. Data were analyzed using correlation coefficient and structure equation modeling (SEM). Results Results showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between ethical leadership and supportive leadership and psychological capital and between psychological capital and organizational effectiveness. Results of structural equation modeling revealed that there is direct and significant relationship between ethical and supportive leadership with psychological capital and between supportive leadership along with psychological capital with organizational effectiveness. Also results indicated that psychological capital is a complete mediator on the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational effectiveness and is a partial mediator on the relationship between supportive leadership and organizational effectiveness. Conclusion Overall, the results of this study showed that the potential of moral and supportive leadership can be used to strengthen the psychological capital and organizational effectiveness in workplaces.

Background Nowadays, one of the key factors to communicate with people from different cultures that raise the level of job performance is cultural intelligence which among the ethical treatment can have a significant role, but the researchers have received less attention. Therefore, the aim of present study investigates the mediating role of ethical behavior in the relationship between cultural intelligence and job performance. Method This survey is an applied descriptive – correlation research. The population consists of all employees of post offices in Shiraz. 104 persons were selected by stratified sampling and Morgan table as a sample group. Structural equation modeling and software PLS Smart were used for analyzing data. Results The findings show that cultural intelligence has a positive, direct and significant effect on job performance and ethical behavior. Therefore, main hypothesis about the mediation role of ethical behavior in the relationship between cultural intelligence and job performance is confirmed. Conclusion The results of the present study emphasize on the importance of cultural intelligence and ethical behavior. Cultural intelligence helps employees to have a suitable behavior and show more ethical behaviors and finally show progress in their job performance.

Background Readiness for change as the guarantor of the survival and development of organizations can be developed effectively in the light of moral philosophy and moral responsibility. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between moral philosophy and readiness for change with the mediating role of moral responsibility. Method This is a descriptive-correlation research. The study population includes all employees of Bu Ali Sina University. 165 employees were selected by using stratified random sampling as sample group. Data were collected by three standard questionnaires; moral philosophy, readiness for change and moral responsibility. Data were also analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis. Results The results showed that the relationship between moral philosophy and readiness for change (emotional, behavioral and cognitive) with mediating role of moral responsibility was positive and significant. Conclusion Therefore, moral philosophy and moral responsibility should be attended to improve readiness for change at universities.

Background Ethics is one of the important issues which is considered seriously in all areas, including in the field of management and organization. The purpose of this paper is to examine the consequences of ethical leadership and ethical climate and its role in decreasing organizational deviance among which we will refer to the mediator of emotional commitment and turnover intention will be mentioned. Method Research method was descriptive-correlation. Statistical society includes the population of all employees in Ehyaa Sepahan Co, who number was 900 people. 242 individuals were selected through available sampling. A questionnaire with 30 items was used to collect data that consists of five ethics leadership, ethical climate, emotional commitment, and organizational deviance. To analyze the data, in addition to descriptive statistics, inferential statistics and SEM were used in the form of LISREL software. Results The findings showed a significant relationship between ethical leadership and ethical climate, ethical climate and emotional commitment, ethical climate and turnover intention, emotional commitment and organizational deviance. But the relationship between turnover intention and organizational deviance is not confirmed. Conclusion By putting the ethical climate and ethical leadership first, growing up of committed employees who are out of organizational deviation is possible.

Background Positive use of internet may lead to the progress in life and unethical use of internet may take us away from scientific goals. The purpose of the research is to study the tendency of students in ethical usage of internet. Method Study is a descriptive and analytical type and it has been done by survey method. The statistical population is 13485 individuals of students of Urmia Azad University. Sampling was done based on simple random sampling method. The sample was estimated 374 people using Cochrane formula. Instrument for data collection is questionnaire. The data were analyzed with SPSS software. Results Female’ students more than male’ Students trying for don’ t use from sites containing unethical hints and watching ethical sites when using the internet. Female’ students more than male’ students trying to use the internet environments that cause strengthen their cultural ethics. Influence of ethical components is to more communication male’ students’ in the internet environment compared to the real environment more than female’ students. Usage of the internet has significant impact on ethical behavior of female students than male students. Conclusion Female students attempt to use more ethical usage from internet. Despite of ethical usage of internet by female students, ethical factors push the male students to use internet more than female students.

Background Ethical abuse in organizations led to a decision to create an ethical climate that brought positive achievements to the organization. Some of these achievements are believed to reduce technological abuse and create organizational integrity. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of intermediation of employees' non work related computing in the relationship between ethical climates and organizational integrity. Method The research method was descriptive and correlational. The research sample consisted of 217 employees of Shiraz University who were selected by random sampling method. The tools used in this research include the ethical climate assessment scale in the organization; the employees' non work related computing and organizational Integrity. After calculating their validity and reliability, they were distributed among the samples and the data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The findings showed that the ethical climate of the organization has a negative significant relationship with the employees' non work related computing in the university. In addition, the ethical climate of the organization has a positive and significant impact on the growth of organizational integrity, while the occurrence of employees' non work related computing in the university has a negative and significant relationship with organizational integrity. Conclusion Developing the ethical climate of the university can help reduce the personal use of organizational technologies and increase organizational integrity.

Background Attention to improvement of professional ethics of teachers has a special importance in pedagogical organizations. Therefore, the aim of present research is determining the role of organizational culture and health in professional ethics of teachers. Method This is a descriptive-correlation research that has been done on 187 individuals of primary teachers of Qaen province. Samples were chosen by cluster sampling. Data were collected by three standard questionnaires; organizational culture, professional ethics and organizational health. Data were also analyzed by SPPSS18 through multiple regression and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results Results showed that organizational culture with means of 3. 76± 0. 47; organizational health with means of 3. 63± 0. 71 and professional ethics with means of 4. 65± 0. 51 were above average limit. Organizational culture explains 18 percentage of variance of professional ethics and 38 percentage of variance of organizational health of teachers, also organizational health explains 14 percentages of variance changes of professional ethics of teachers. Conclusion Organizational culture and health cause improvement of professional ethics in teachers. In one hand, organizational culture provides background for improving the organizational health of teachers. Also, improving the organizational culture and health of educational organizations provides causing improvement of professional ethics of teachers and as a result, causes improvement of efficient of educational system.

Background Labor productivity is one of the most important organizational capitals that determine the realization of objectives and plans of that organization. Therefore, it appears important to investigate factor affecting it especially in the light of ethical decision-making. Understanding this issue, this study was conducted to investigate the relation of organizational agility, teamwork and labor productivity with the mediating role of ethical decision-making. Method This was a descriptive-correlational study. Statistical population was all employees of Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah. Based on Krejcie and Morgan table and using relative stratified random sampling, a sample of 136 subjects was selected. Data collection tools were four standard inventories of organizational agility, teamwork, labor productivity and ethical decision-making. Management experts and Cronbach's alpha approved validity and reliability of the questionnaires. To analyze data, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov– Smirnov test, Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling were employed. Results The effect of organizational agility on ethical decision-making was significant. The effect of teamwork on labor productivity was significant too; however, it has no significant effect on ethical decision-making. The ethical decision making has a significant effect on labor productivity. The indirect effect of organizational agility on labor productivity was not significant with mediating role of ethical decision-making. The indirect effect of teamwork on labor productivity was not significant with mediating role of ethical decision-making. Conclusion It is concluded that there is a significant relation between organizational agility, teamwork and ethical decision-making with labor productivity.

Background Organizations slowly from Small environment Social and economic activities of small medium enterprises to gradually soon, to become places of spiritual development. The purpose of this paper is the survey of impact of spirituality as a component of moral values on burnout and turnover intentions of employees in religious organizations based mediation role of job satisfaction. Method This paper in terms of goal is functional and in terms of data collection is descriptive survey. Statistical society is a religious organization with more than 700 employees. Using the sampling, 210 samples were selected. Cochran formula was used to determine the sample size. Data was collected using spirituality, job satisfaction, turnover and burnout questionnaires. Pearson correlation techniques and structural equation modeling to analyze the data using software SPSS, LISREl 8. 85, is used. Results The results indicate a negative relationship between spirituality and turnover and burnout. Also in this study, job satisfaction as a mediator between the spirituality and the turnover intentions and burnout was approved. Conclusion With growth of moral values in organizations, employees ‘ spirituality increased, feel more satisfaction and burnout will be less.

Background Today, the secret of the success of organizations, in addition to human capital, is entrepreneurship and ethical development. This has affected even small and medium-sized businesses. The main purpose of the research is to present and explain the pattern of entrepreneurship development in the small and medium businesses. Method This research is an exploratory research that is an applied descriptive survey. The statistical community includes all small and medium-sized business executives and experts and includes a group of experts and faculty members and strategic managers of small and medium enterprises with a total of 20 subjects in the qualitative sector. The research sample was selected in a small section of 250 managers and employees and in the qualitative section, 15 people were selected by judgment method. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to cognize the data. Results The results showed that the relationship between dimensions of the ethical climate of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship ecosystem and innovation, economic, financial and incentive policies, structural and institutional factors, entrepreneurial strategies and the factors of the state and growth of industry with the development of ethical entrepreneurship are positive and significant at the significant level of 0. 05. Conclusion In small and medium-sized businesses, for the development of ethical entrepreneurship, there must be a coherent moral, economic, financial and incentive environment, and an entrepreneurial ecosystem in line with the ethical climate with entrepreneurial structures and entrepreneurial strategies.

Background The root of many of the behaviors and activities of people are of character, ethics and ethically values. The aim of this study is forecasting the accountability at CPAs based on professional ethics. Nowadays, morality is the real need of all businesses and professional organizations that this need felt for a double in accounting. Also, responsiveness refers to the moral obligation of the person in front of its activities. Method This is an applied descriptive-correlation research and its community composed of all of the members’ of the society of CPAs. Selected sample included 128 people who were selected using available sampling. The questionnaire was used to assess the professional ethics and responsiveness; also the time period studied is the year 1395. To test the research hypotheses was used linear regression methods, after checking normalization of data. Results The results obtained from the research hypothesis show that there is a significant and positive correlation between the level of professional ethics and responsiveness and rate of effectiveness of responsiveness is about 48 percent of professional ethics. Conclusion According to the research findings, could be argued that level of responsiveness is increased by increasing the professional ethics level. As a result of increasing the level of responsiveness that is an important issue suggested being given special attention to professional ethics.

Background In recent years, researchers have investigated the relationship between employees work orientations and organizational silent; however, what has not been analyzed so far has been the mediating role of organizational support in the relationship between trust and silence in universities in order to improve the workplace ethical space. Accordingly, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of perceived organizational support in the relationship between trust and silent in Islamic Azad university branches of Mazandaran province. Method The present research is applied in terms of aim and is a descriptive-correlative type. The statistical population includes all staff of Islamic Azad University of Mazandaran province in 2015 with 1765 subjects. The sample size was calculated 231 people using the Cochran formula. Sampling method is a stratified random with appropriate allocation for university branches. Data were collected through three questionnaires of organizational silent, organizational trust and perceived organizational support. One-sample t-test, path analysis and structural equations were used for data analysis. Results Findings showed that perceived organizational support has a direct and negative effect on organizational silent with a standardized path coefficient (β =-0. 89). Also, by confirming the mediating role of perceived organizational support, organizational trust with standardized path coefficient (β =-0. 56) has an indirect and negative effect on the organizational silent variable in universities. Conclusion The existence of a climate of trust in universities and educational centers and its accompaniment with organizational support among knowledge workers will cause silence break, thereby improving the ethical environment in universities.

Background Today, professional ethics and social responsibility play an important role in organizations. This study aimed canonical analysis of the relationship between components of professional ethics and social responsibility dimensions among the first high school teachers in the Naghadeh province. Method This study, in terms of purpose is application, and in terms of data collection is canonical correlation. The population included all of the first high school teachers in the naghadeh province. The population consisted of 235 teachers, that 90 cases were selected through random sampling. The Data were gathered by two standard questionnaires; professional ethics and social responsibility. Data were also analyzed by SPSS software through Pearson's correlation matrix and canonical correlation analysis. Results The results showed that the correlation between professional ethics and social responsibility is 0/67. Wilks Lambda index for this connection was 0/34. The statistical F of this correlation was 11/34, which is also significant in 0/001. Therefore, these two sets have significant relationships with each other. Also, 0/34 percentage variance that founded between the social responsibility and components of professional ethics is explained. Conclusion According to the obtained results, canonical correlation analysis showed significant correlation between two sets of components of professional ethics and social responsibility.

Background Nowadays, people expect to be well-understood in the organization and to be respected. Ethical leadership shows that the leader's effort to create an ethical context to influence the behavior of the staff, and, on the other hand, it must be stated that maintaining the organization without talented and loyal employees is impossible because they are the ones who provide the services with higher quality. Management of potential and its detection and finally match the job with abilities is the hypothesis of this study. Method This is an applied descriptive-correlation study. The statistical population of this research is the staff of a private sector service company (N= 243). Using the Cochran sampling method, the sample size of this study is estimated to be 149 people. The data collection tool is a questionnaire. 153 completed questionnaires were returned and analyzed. The statistical method of the present study is structural equations based on regression. Results According to the results, the main hypothesis was confirmed in this research, the hypothesis that ethical leadership has a positive effect on organizational talent management, and seven hypotheses have been approved from 12 research hypotheses. Conclusion Given the positive implications of ethical leadership for organizations and communities, managers need to reinforce this type of leadership.

Background Concerning the significance of professional ethics compliance for the members of the faculty in research and in order for the research demonstrate a more explicit picture about the activities done for the scientific community. Therefore, the current study has been aimed to devise the professional research ethics questionnaire of university faculty members. Method This research is a descriptive survey. The statistical population consists of higher education students of non-governmental and non-profit institutions in west of Tehran, and the statistical sample was calculated to be 237 using the Cochran’ s formula which ultimately led to distribution of questionnaires among 264 individuals. Researcher made questionnaire was used for gathering data. Also, Cronbach's alpha method was used to calculate reliability and analysis of data was conducted using SPSS 22 as well as Amos Software. Results The obtained samples consist of 99 men (37/5%) and 165 women (62/5%). The results of exploratory factor show 6 factors (var=64/17) which these factors were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. (RMSEA=0/045، CFI=0/95، TLI=0. 95، IFI=0/95، PGFI=0/84، PNFI= 0/78). The total Cronbach's alpha value for this questionnaire was 0/84. Conclusion The questionnaire can be used as a valid and reliable instrument to measure compliance with professional research ethics by faculty member of universities.

Background The development of information and communication technology in various sectors of electronic economy, such as electronic marketing, has led to significant changes in attitudes and methods of service delivery that needs to address ethical issues in order to expand it; Therefore, the purpose of the research is to investigate the relationship between work ethics and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) with development of electronic marketing. Method The research is descriptive-correlative. The statistical population was consisted of users of e-banking in 2015. Due to lack of access to every members of the statistical population, were selected 384 people by available sampling method. Measurement tools were questionnaires of ICT, e-marketing and work ethics. To analyze data, were used Pearson correlation test and simple linear regression. Results The results obtained indicated that there are statistically significant correlations between organizational ethics and ICT with the development of electronic marketing. Conclusion If users feel that the way introduction of products and services is secure, valid, exact and also consistent with their moral value, they are more interested in using it; and this will be the basis for the development of electronic marketing.