Ethics in Science and Technology
Year:2018 | Volume:13 | Issue:2 |Papers Count:23

Background One of the misbehavior in Research Ethics is Plagiarism that it means to appropriate other' work as one's own. Self-Plagiarism is a kind of plagiarism. In this paper I will deal with these questions: what is plagiarism and what kinds does it have? Is the concept of self-plagiarism reasonable? Conclusion Self-plagiarism is republishing the whole or main parts of a work، without appropriate citation to pervious publication. Duplicate publication، salami publication and Text recycling are kinds of self-plagiarism. Because of the impossibility of theft of own self، It is suggested to use duplicate publication instead of self-plagiarism. Some of the results of this paper are: the researchers and authors are obligated to inform appropriately using of their former published works in their new writings to readers and editors of journals; if they want to produce several papers from one research such as Ph. D. thesis that they have overlap، they have to inform that to editors; they have to avoid republish the paper has been published in a conference before.

Background Managers and experts have focused on work ethics and ethical management due to the increasing complexity of organizations and rates of unethical، illegal and irresponsible behavior in workplaces. The present study aimed to identify consequences of work ethics in organizations using a meta-analysis approach. Method The research was descriptive in terms of objective and had a meta-analysis approach. The statistical population consisted of doctoral and master's theses، and published papers in scientific-research journals on consequences of work ethics in domestic and foreign organizations during the past 15 years (2001-2016). A total of 24 studies with inclusive criteria were included in the meta-analysis using a non-random and purposive sampling method. Results Among 24 studies، 9 studies (37. 5%) had effect sizes of less than 0. 3; 7 ones (29. 2%) had effect sizes of 0. 3 to 0. 5; and also 8 ones (33. 3%) had effect sizes of greater than 0. 5. Conclusion Meta-analysis results and effect size findings according to Cohen's table (1988) indicated that variables namely the work life quality، job satisfaction، commitment، job stress (negative relationship) and competitive advantage had maximum effect sizes. The service quality، organizational alienation (negative relationship)، task performance، stress (negative relationship)، productivity and integrity had moderate effect sizes; and task identity، deviant work behavior، and hard working had minimum effect sizes.

Background Nanomaterial has special physical and chemical properties and acts differently from other materials due to surface effects and quantum mechanical effects. There is a risk of toxicity of nanomaterial after the reaction with the body's organs and the toxicity of these substances is not predictable. This very innovative technology may be associated with hazards to human، animals or the environment. This paper addresses the ethical aspects of the application of nanotechnology. Conclusion The increasing use of nanomaterial around the world and the rapid expansion of its application in medicine and the lack of full recognition of their performance in the human body and the environment require to regulate ethical guidelines and rules on how to make، produce and expand these materials and their clinical application to prevent the occurrence of hazards to human and environment. Obtaining the legal permits for the clinical application of nanomedicine should be considered even if major complications are not reported in the short term their application. However، it is necessary to observe the principles of risk-benefit to humans and to consider equal access to licensed nano-pharmaceuticals for all humans.

Background Ecological justice is a challenging concept in relation to the current development of agriculture، because it positions social and ecological interests against market liberalism and economic growth. Ecological justice concerns fairness with regard to the common environment based on the idea that environments are fundamentally shared. Organic agriculture is in an advanced position with regard to ecological justice، since it aims to interact in a positive way with the environment. But ecological justice also poses significant challenges to organic agriculture. In this study is considered to the status of environmental justice in the global challenges of organic farming by looking at the ethical and practical activities and the manner of convergence and compromise between environmental justice and organic activities. Conclusion The three main challenges of hithero commons، external environmental and social costs that are not accounted in the market، growing distance in form of distant trade and ownership in the organic food. We conclude that the ideas of ecological justice can be promoted by in different way by means of organic agriculture، by implementing ecological justice more fully in the organic certification standards through incorporating a measure of nearness and developing an organic fair trade، by promoting non-certified agriculture based on the organic principles as an alternative development strategy for local sustainable communities and food security and by organic agriculture serving as an alternative example for the broader implementation of ecological justice in agriculture and society.

Background Success in the effectiveness of government agencies intimately observe the ethics of human resources. Considering the importance of the human factor in the organization's ethical and moral development depends on knowledge of the status quo on the grounds that the planning was consequently. This study examines the state of compliance with professional ethics in the judicial system's human dimension. Method In this descriptive -survey method is mixed (qualitative-quantitative). The population of this research، academic experts in qualitative and quantitative organizational and Clienteles is Justice Center in Kermanshah Province. Sampling in qualitative ways، such as through the snowball method with the help of 23 people and in a random manner according to the formula Kokran sample size was carried out with the participation of 400 clients. Instruments data acquisition and qualitative information and quantitative questionnaire explored different documents and interviews made. In the qualitative data analysis، interpretation and quantitative using t-test، Friedman، etc.، and a heuristic model using structural equation model was fitted to the variables. Results: The results are certified according to defined human components، which are work concience، responsibility، honesty. . . observe the status of compliance human aspect of professional ethics judicial system is over the average. Meanwhile thers is the significant difference between the components of the human dimension in terms of respect. This means that the most qualified components and component flexibility in terms of respecting the lowest rank. Conclusion: The results show a decent respect for the human components of professional ethics in the judicial system.

Today، professional ethics and social capital play an important role in organizations. This study aimed Canonical analysis of the relationship between Components of professional ethics and social capital dimensions among the first secondary school teachers in the naghadeh city. Method This study، in terms of purpose is application، and in terms of data collection is canonical correlation. The population consisted of 250 the first secondary school teachers in the naghadeh city. That 90 person of them was selected through random sampling. The Data required by using two standard questionnaires professional ethics and social capital were collected and by SPSS software and by using Pearson's correlation matrix and Canonical Correlation Analysis for hypotheses were analyzed. Results The results showed that the relationships between professional ethics with social capital، is 0/73. Wilks Lambda index for this connection was 0/24. The F-statistic of 14/24، which is also significant in 0/001. So these two significant relationships with each other. Also، 0/48 percentage variance between among the social capital dimensions with Components of professional ethics is explained. Conclusion According to the obtained results، Canonical correlation analysis with a 99 percent chance، Correlation between two sets of Components of professional ethics with social capital dimensions approved.

Background It is of great significance to understand the moral values of accounting students because in the future، they will be employed in the accounting and managing professions، which are needed in an advanced society. The study aims to investigate the relationship of the moral components of selfism and empathy with the academic dishonesty of the accounting students. Method The study employs a descriptive، correlational research method. The study population consists of the accounting students of Fars province (The Islamic Azad University of Shiraz and Marvdasht، Payame Noor University of Kazeroun and Noorabad) out of which 311 students were sampled using random sampling. The research tools include the Likert 5 point scale questionnaires of Phares and Erskine (1984)، Goldberg (1999) and Bloodgood (2010) and the data were analyzed using the partial correlation coefficient. Results The results indicate that there is a negative and significant relationship between empathy and academic dishonesty of the accounting students. The value of partial correlation between the two variables is equal to-0. 14. Moreover، there is a significant relationship between selfism and academic dishonesty of the accounting students. The value of correlation between the two variables is equal to 0. 74. Conclusion Given the disadvantages of the presence of high levels of academic dishonesty among the accounting students، it is recommended that measures be taken to increase the level of moral components present among the university students.

Background One of the most important issues in today's organizations is work ethic that have different functions in the organization. This article aims to explain the relationship between Islamic work ethics، job burnout and knowledge sharing among which we will refer to the mediator of organizational citizenship behavior. Method Research method was descriptive and correlational. Statistical society was the population of all employees in seven regional gas transmission operations، who number 560 people. The sample using Morgan table، 225 individuals were selected through stratified. 46 item questionnaire was used to collect data that consists of four Islamic work ethic، burnout، knowledge sharing and organizational citizenship behavior. To analyze the data، in addition to descriptive statistics، inferential statistics and PAM were used in the form of Amos software. Results The software output and significant numbers، the findings showed a significant relationship between Islamic work ethic and burnout، knowledge sharing and organizational citizenship behavior there is a significant relationship. As well as between organizational citizenship behavior and knowledge sharing significant relationship with burnout. It also confirmed the relationship between burnout and knowledge sharing. Conclusion The results of this study could be issues with emphasis on Islamic ethics in organizations، in order use to help organizational citizenship behavior and knowledge sharing.

Background In today's competitive and dynamic conditions، the success and survival of the organizations depends on their adaptability capacity. Adaptability of the organizations is associated with many intra and extra-organizational factors. In this regard، the present study has been carried out with the aim of examining the relationship between a set of ethical leadership and a set of organizational adaptability capacities. Method The study method is correlational and is of focal kind. The statistical population includes all the faculties of Shahid Chamran University، Medical Sciences University and Payame Noor University of Ahwaz in 2015. A number of 313 persons were selected as a sample by using the stratified relational sampling. Data was collected by the standard questionnaires of adaptability capacity and ethical leadership. Focal (fundamental) correlation method was used to analyze data. Results The results of focal analysis showed that all the components of the ethical leadership are able to forecast the organizational adaptability capacity and the ethical leadership explains 42% of the organizational adaptability changes. Conclusion The style of ethical leadership is associated with the organization's adaptability capacity. Therefore، the use of this leadership style helps the adaptability of most organizations.

Background Spirituality in the workplace of important variables affecting justice and ethical behavior of employees in an organization، The present study aims to provide a model of causal variables affecting observance of ethical behavior among employees. Method The study of the functional purpose، and from the perspective of data collection and data correlation descriptive. The population of the study، 5000 Shiraz Municipality employees. The sample size was determined based on a sample of 356 people to collect data and compilation of Four standard questionnaires is closed. Likert 5-point scale for the scoring. Data using software (lisrel8. 5) were analyzed. Results The results of path analysis showed that the variables of self-organization، organizational justice، And the role of spirituality in the workplace as meaningful work، in line with organizational values and solidarity have had the greatest influence on the observance of ethical behavior. Conclusion The findings showed can be done with rules like fairness in the organization، reliable employees to managers and colleagues، The importance of human and spiritual values in the workplace، participation employees in the organization And increase self-esteem، to promote ethical behaviors lead employees.

Background The existence of ethics in teachers contributes to the growth and development of education. The purpose of this study، investigates the relationship between ethical intelligence and mental health of teachers. Method The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study included 7241 of Tehran public high school، from which 547 people were selected by using Cochran formula and sampling method of rational random classification. The data collection method was based on questionnaires.، moral intelligence questionnaire، and mental health were questionnaire. The calculated reliabity for Ethical Intelligence questionnaire and mental health questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha method (0. 89، 0. 80)، respectively، to analyze data، Shapiro-Wilk test، Friedman test، and structural equation modeling performed through Spss and Pls software. Results There is a significant relationship between moral intelligence and mental health. teachers with a high moral intelligence have better mental health. Among the components of ethical intelligence، Honesty has the most relationship with mental health. According to the Friedman test، forgiveness with the average rating (14. 4)، the highest and compassion with the average rating (2. 5) has the lowest score. And the model has an acceptable fitness. Conclusion According the significant effect of ethical intelligence on mental health of teachers، it should be noted that، the moral readiness of teachers is need education. Honesty has played a more important role in improving mental health; teachers must coordinate their beliefs and practices. In developing educational programs، the ethical intelligence capabilities should be considered as a factor affecting mental health of teachers.

Background Intellectual capital is a key factor in creating and maintaining competitive advantage in a knowledge-based economy. Considering intellectual capital in the academic context is necessary to create effective training and Knowledge Sharing and gain competitive advantage. Therefore، present study aimed to investigate the role of intellectual capital on professional ethics، knowledge sharing and effective training of Faculty Members. Method This study was descriptive and based structural equation modeling. The population size was 171 Faculty Members of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. The method stratified random sampling، 125 people were selected as sample. Standardized were used to collect data intellectual capital، professional ethics، knowledge sharing and teaching effectiveness. Structural Equation Modeling was applied to evaluate relations between latent and measured variables in a conceptual model. Results The results showed that direct path coefficient of intellectual capital on professional ethics can be significant with a coefficient of 0/42. The direct path coefficient of intellectual capital on knowledge sharing and effective training respectively 0/45 and 0/54 coefficient is significant. Conclusion According to the results، we can conclude that Considering the principles of professional ethics and managing and developing intellectual capital at universities، which are expected to be at the center of knowledge creation، can be of great importance in promoting the culture of knowledge sharing and also effective training among faculty members.

Background Frauds represent large losses to the global economy and one of the main means for their containment is whistle blowing of immoral and illegal conducts. This research aims to analyze whistle blowing، considering the influence of costs and intrinsic benefits and individual? s interaction with his/her organization، profession and society. Method This study is descriptive and correlation type. The population of research is accountants of public sectors in Shiraz، that 384 people were selected among them by simple random sampling as the research sample. The tool used in the study was a questionnaire، and for analyze data used the kolmogorove-Sminov test، correlation and multiple regression. Results Results of the study showed that there is negative and significant relationship between cost and denouncing fraudulent acts. Also there is positive and significant relationship between individual? s interaction with organization and denouncing fraudulent acts. Conclusions Considering the relationships between cost، individuals interaction with organization and denouncing fraudulent acts، it seems essential that organization should use punishment (material or reputational) to encourage accountants to whistle blowing.

Background An ethically oriented leadership and the ethical values can act as the factors preventing the job stress experienced by the staffs. The objective of the present study is to examine the intermediary role of intrinsic job satisfaction and customer orientation in the relationship between ethical leadership and job stress. Method This research is a practical descriptive correlational work. The statistical population of this study includes 448 sales staff of industrial units operating in food industries in industrial parks in Kerman Province، among which were selected based on a relative stratified random sampling. The standard questionnaires were used to operationalize the variables of the study. Structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis were used to test the research hypotheses. Results The findings showed that ethical leadership and morality are inversely correlated with job stress experienced by sales staff of selected industrial units. The findings also suggest that intrinsic job satisfaction and customer orientation can play an intermediary role in the relationship between ethical leadership and reduction in job stress. Conclusion Regarding the findings of this research، by enhancing intrinsic satisfaction، reducing job stress، and rising staffs` sense of customer orientation، especially among the sales unit staff، the managers of SMEs can make the staffs more committed to creating an ethical climate in their organization.

Background Academic cheating is one of the current and increasing problems in educational systems and irreversible harm to the academic community. The aim of this study was identify the reasons for student's academic cheating and categorize their responses upon neutralization strategies. Method Phenomenological qualitative approach was used. The study population includes all students of Birjand University consists of 11225 persons. 20 students of Birjand University were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and by Corbin and Strauss color coding was analyzed. Results 893 codes in the interview in seven main issues were classified: "student، social norms، professor، the University، the nature and degree courses، nature of the task and the level of education". Students، at the first، have stated their role in the perpetration of cheating، they then have employed respectively neutralization techniques? condemnation of the condemners، denial of responsibility، denial of the victim، appeal to higher loyalties and denial of injury? . Conclusion Many types of cheating are avoidable with laws and educational management and scientific ethics in higher education will be enhanced. Higher education policy makers should take the necessary steps to train professional ethics to students during education. Professors can also be effective in reducing cheating by focusing on the development of professional skills، supportive and respectful interaction with students and continuous evaluation.

Background Organizational commitment is one of the organizational attitudes that has always been considered by researchers that Various factors are affecting it. So this study sought to analyze the relationship between spiritual leadership and organizational commitment with mediating role of work ethics. Method This study is operational in terms of purpose and employed correlational method using structural equations (SEM). All staff of department of sports and youth in Ardabil province; 201 individuals، was the statistical population of this study That 152 subjects were selected by stratified sampling method. Spiritual leadership، organizational commitment and work ethics standard questionnaires were employed in order to collect data. Content validity of questionnaires have been confirmed and their reliabilities were 0. 81، 0. 84، and 0. 91، respectively. SPSS 22 software was utilized in order to analyze the collected data (mean، standard deviation، Pearson coefficient، and Kolmogrov and Smirnov test). Results The results indicated that the relationship between spiritual leadership with work ethic and organizational commitment was significant and respectively with (ک=0. 36) and (ک= 0. 38) have direct effect. Also work ethic (ک=0. 25) affected organizational commitment directly. The mediating role of work ethic in the relationship between spiritual leadership and staff's organizational commitment (ک=0. 09) was also significant. Conclusion Therefore، it can be concluded that spiritual leadership and job ethic are important variables and related to organizational commitment of staff and regarding to the obtained model، performing spiritual leadership style is suggested.

Background Researchs shows that organizations that have more emphasis on the professional ethics compared to other organizations، healthier and more successful and have better performance. in the field، aim of this study has study of relationship between organizational variables with professional ethics with emphasis on the role of organizational trust has been done. Method The research method was descriptive-correlative and the statistical population consisted of all education employee in Alborz Province، (765 persons)، that 256 persons were selected randomly. To collect data، standard questionnaire five was used. Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze of data. Results Organizational justice، participatory leadership، organizational trust and transformational leadership with professional ethics has direct and positive relationship. The results showed that organizational trust in the relationship between transformational leadership and participation management with professional ethics has a mediating role. But has no mediating role the relationship between organizational justice and professional ethics. Conclusion As a result، to increase professional ethics education in Karaj، you should transformational leadership، organizational justice، participative management and organizational trust noted.

Background Educational organizations need to improve the ethical behavior of employees for the effectiveness of their mission. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between ethical intelligence and emotional intelligence with ethical behavior of the staffsin the institute for intellectual development of children and young adults in Kermanshah province. Method The research method is descriptive-correlational and is objective in terms of purpose. The statistical population includes all the140 staffs ofthe institute. Because of the limited statistical population، the whole population was selected as the statistical sample. The Lennick and Kiel's Moral Intelligence Standard Questionnaires (2005)، Wizinger's Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (1998)، and Lussier's Ethical Behavior Questionnaire (2000) were used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test، Pearson correlation coefficient and regression) were used to analyze the data. Results Results showed that there is a significant and direct relationship between the moral intelligence component (0. 441) and emotional intelligence (0. 401) with the ethical behavior of the staff of the institute. The results of regression analysis showed that moral intelligence and emotional intelligence could predict about 0. 331% of the variance of moral behavior. It can be concluded، in addition to the legal framework، Conclusion Managers and employees of organizations should respect ethical principlesin their decisions and actions.

Background Poultry industry is one of the major economic sectors in the country، which makes a significant contribution to the food needs of the society. Despite it? s in recent years، in different production process and distributing activities it faces many challenges and difficulties. One of major difficulties is lack of attention to ethical behavior in the poultry industry which is the main objective of this research which these to explore the ethical challenges of poultry production as well as identifying the reasons and causes. Method This research used descriptive methodology and survey technique to collect the data. Population of the research included all broiler breeder hens in Shiraz County. A total number of 170 breeders were selected and studied by the stratified random sampling that completed the questionnaire. Data analysis was performed with Factor analysis، Content Analysis and descriptive statistics. Results Behavioral challenges in the poultry industry were summarized in three groups that include 1-Management-economic challenges، 2-Administrative-health challenges and 3-Attitudinal challenges and causes were extracted and codified 12 strategies for improvement the ethical behavior. Then the reasons of them were extracted and codifying 12 strategies for improvement of ethical behavior. Conclusion At the end، the realization of professional ethics and ethical behavior in poultry units to recommend the ethical criterion and framework of action and recommendations about the implementation of these strategies are presented.

Background This study examines the relationship between information security management and work ethic among employees of Islamic Azad University، Mashhad Branch. Method This research is " Descriptive-Correlation ". The population are 118 experts of the Central Organization of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad that A total of 90 subjects were randomly selected. The questionnaire reliability was assessed using Cronbach's coefficient. According to the normal variables Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between variables. Results The results show integrity with all aspects of work ethic and confidentiality are Ambitious، Considerate and Cooperative nominally positive and significant relationship. The results are positive and significant correlation integration with all aspects of the work ethic and confidentiality with ambitious، considerate and cooperative. Conclusion Based on the results there is positive and significant relationship between information security management and work ethic.