Year:2003 | Volume:19 | Issue:1 (37)|Papers Count:16

In this paper Orwell’s works, especially "Burmese Days", "A Hanging", "Shooting An Elephant", and "Marrakech" as well as four volumes of his essays, journalism and letters are critically studied to analyze the paradox in his views. It is argued that there is a contradiction between what Orwell writes in his essays and what he seems to espouse with regards to non-European nations. His other novels and short stories as well as his essays are referred to, whenever necessary, to elaborate how, consciously or unconsciously, he repudiates his own views and reats foreigners as "others." It is argued that Orwell's letters, essays and journalism reveal him to be an English patriot with a strong belief in the superiority of the norms and standards of his own middle class. He preferred the old English Imperialism to newer kinds of imperialism and colonialism because he believed that the old Imperialism was sentimental and humane.

In this study, 211 M. S. theses written by students of Irrigation in Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Tehran University, Shiraz University and Ferdowsi University of Mashhad have been examined. The article aims at identifying the authors, books and periodicals frequently referred to, the average number of citations used in each thesis, the number of citations regarding information sources and finally the authorship pattern of papers published in periodicals.To achieve this objective, 7827 citations used in these theses were extracted and studied. The findings indicate that in these four universities, periodicals are used as the major source of reference by students of irrigation. Findings concerning the authorship pattern of articles published in periodicals, indicate that Persian articles are foremost single-authored, contrary to non- Persian articles. Regarding the language of the sources, the findings indicate that 70% of the sources used are in English and the rest (30%) are in Persian.Furthermore, the average number of citations used in the examined theses in these universities was found to be 38. In this respect Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, with an average of 70. 60 citations for each thesis, constitutes the upper end of the scale whereas Tehran University, with an average of26. 90 citations constitutes the lower end of the scale.Finally, recommendations are made to the agricultural Libraries as well as to the writers of Persian articles.

Courses entitled English for Specific Purposes (ESP) have been developed for the purpose of teaching particular language and/or communicative skills to students taking university and other advanced academic courses. The effort to determine the specificity of the language in each field of study, for optimizing and economizing ESP courses, has led to the development of a Dumber of different approaches to language description as well as needs analysis.The present study was conducted to find out: 1) what the rhetorical and formal features of psychology and sociology texts are, and 2) to what extent ESP materials prepared for the students at issue correspond to the requirements of English texts in these fields.For this purpose 480 paragraphs were randomly selected from books and journals of psychology and sociology, and ESP materials for psychology and sociology students. The analysis of the paragraphs from the original texts revealed that the three most frequently used functions in psychology texts were description, definition, and instruction. The three most frequently used functions in sociology texts were description, definition, and preparation. The statistical analysis of the data also revealed that the rhetorical needs or the two groups of learners were different in certain areas. It was also found out that the ESP materials for psychology and sociology students were not compatible with the requirements of texts in the two disciplines.

Job satisfaction is one of the important managerial issues. The aim of this study is an investigation of job environment of librarians in libraries of Shiraz University and the University of the Medical Sciences of Shiraz. To do this study 5 hypothesis and 2 questions, which cover all aspects of job satisfaction, were formulated. The measurement tool for job satisfaction is questionnaire of "Job Satisfaction Survey" (JSS). All library personal participated in this study. The findings show that there is no significant relationship between job satisfaction and variables, such as sex, age and experience. However, the study shows a significant relationship between job satisfaction and  variables such as levels of supervision and specialization. There is no significant difference between job satisfaction of library staff in both universities. The general conclusion of the study is that job satisfaction in both universities is low.

This study investigated the phenomenon of Persian-English code-switching in the Persian conversation of adult Iranians living in the U.S. The primary objective of the study was to find out the relation between the two patterns of switching: intra-sentential and inter-sentential code-switching with the duration of residence in the speakers' second language society. The analysis of data, utterances produced by 18 Iranians living in the U.S. for a period of between 5 to 22 years, indicated that there is a relation between the period of residence and the patterns of 'code-switching. That is, those with less years of residence produce more intra-sentential switches compared to those whose period of residence is more. However, a closer look at the data reveals that switches for the bilinguals have the same discourse functions of style-shifting for monolinguals. In this study it is a sign of topicalization.

This study attempts to analyze Durham’s political anemia theory which has not been at the center of attention.According to Durkheirn political anemia is the same as anernia of political society embedded in the anemia of nation - state. In other words, it happens when nation – state relationships are disrupted.Political anemia happens when the laws or political norms which should be obliging for the citizens and the state are no longer observed. Thus, political anemia ensues. This theory is important for third world countries and especially the socio- political situation of Iran.

 This paper describes an approach to interpretation of discrete event simulation using supervised neural network. A data set of ten replicas were generated from the information center of RLST (Regional Library of Science and Technology). Data was first processed with GPSSIH simulation package. The simulation results were used as the input to a neural network. A back propagation neural network was used to train the results of the system. It is shown that the neural network metamodel is quite competitive in accuracy when compared to the simulation by itself and can operate in nearly real time. The performance of the neural network metamodel is compared to the simulation performance for estimating the user mean time in information center. The overall results can be used to optimize the performance of library information center. The BBS (Bulletin Board Services) was also simulated and trained.

The absence of objective evidence on the basis of self-report measures on younger student's emotions, specially with respect to social relations, reveals the necessity of assessment of various aspects of these relations. The present research was conducted to investigate the efficiency of Asher's (1984) Loneliness Scale for Iranian students. A Farsi translation of the scale was presented to 369 (186 females and 183 males) junior high school students from grade one to three.The results indicated acceptable validity and reliability of the scale for measuring feelings of loneliness. Correlation between self-esteem and loneliness was significantly negative. No significant correlation was found between academic achievement and loneliness, although the relationship was in the expected direction. The findings of present study were discussed on the basis of various aspects of the subject and with regard to related literature. Suggestions for further research were set forth.

Nomadic life in Iran can be categorized into three groups: a) Settlement b) Semi- Settlement and c) Pastoral Nomadism. Their formation depends on factor. such as climate, topography, rangeland, grass variety and capacity, security and socioeconomic administrative urgencies. This study aims to compare The main characteristics of population, production and cost-revenue relations of the mentioned types in Jalali IL, The dominant nomadic tribe in West Azarbaijan province, north West of . Iran. The study shows that the pastoral nomadisim is not economically feasible. The main issue here, in that the present methods of nomadic production have lost their effectiveness. These methods need to be revised. For this, first an identification of determining factors in nomadic way of life has to be carried out. Then using these factors as a base one can' taken action towards the improving the status qua. This study also intends to determine the atitudes of nomads, towards their problems and emphasize changes in modes of life, investment prefnency and replacement of closed and intensive husbandry. It concludes that while the nomads have a positive attitude toward, change in the way of life; they are also eager to preserve their sense of tribal solidarity and identity.

The purpose of present study was to investigate the relationships between motivation, learning strategies, and some demographic variables with achievement in statistics course. For this purpose, 140 students (63 females and 77 males) were Selected as the sample.The MSLQ questionnaire which consists of 5 components was used as the instrument.  The results showed that in 7 independent variables of the present study, 3 of them namely self efficacy, major area and test anxiety have significant effects on statistics' scores. While major area and self efficacy predict statistics' scores .positively, the effect of test anxiety is negative. In general, the results revealed that the students' achievements in statistics are predicted more by motivational beliefs than cognitive strategies. Finally, the findings of the study were discussed and suggestions were presented.

This article is an analysis of the position of Iranian Criminal Law on the issue of the crime of torture while considering the international and domestic efforts made against it Attempts have also been made in this article to illustrate the necessary elements for the formation of the crime torture, the issue which has been subject to conflicting views among scholars, and to examine the prescribed punishments for it's offender in the Iranian criminal Law.

The shrine of Sheikh Safi al- Din Ardebili is one of the important buildings of the Islamic era in Iran which has beautiful and exquisite inscriptions. The dominance of religious texts, especially Shii texts on the facade of this buildings represents a crucial development in the art of Safavid inscription. There inscriptions, located in different parts of side such as the dome, above the doors and windows, porticos and porches and wall arcades are usually either on tiles in while Tholth calligraphy on an azure background, as in chiseled plaster work. Wherever Tholth calligraphy is accompanied with Kufi; light brown is used for the latter, these characteristics are the most important developments of this periods tile work. The inscriptions are either tile or plaster work; the tiles are mosaics or seven colors. The subjects of the inscriptions consist of Quranic verses, Hadith and sometimes the history of building or repairs at various times. The main part of this study was carried out by taking photographs and copying the inscriptions. Then, they were read again and references were made to the Glorious Quran, prayer books and Hadith.

The unique features of CD- Roms and the internet in providing information and communication with no time and geographical limitations have increased the number of requests for these two media.The study of users' attitudes and their problems in using these media is one of the important areas for research. This type of studies ensures that information systems will efficiently meet the needs of users.This article tries to study the problems of academic. staff at Shiraz University and the University of Medical Sciences of Shiraz with using descriptive and analytical statistics. The findings show that factors, such as sex, degree, academic ranks, computer literacy and training are effective in using these media. Users of electronic information resources are facing with two kinds of problems some of which are personal and the others are related to the system. The former is unfamiliarity of non- users with computer and time limitation among both users and non- users. The latter are lack of easy access, high cost and technical problems.

This article is an analysis of the position of Iranian Criminal Law on the issue of the crime of torture while considering the international and domestic efforts made against it Attempts have also been made in this article to illustrate the necessary elements for the formation of the crime torture, the issue which has been subject to conflicting views among scholars, and to examine the prescribed punishments for it's offender in the Iranian criminal Law.

The aim of this research was to study factors which effect productivity of the staff of governmental organizations. A questionnaire was given to a sample of 381 office workers of some governmental organizations in Shiraz. The results show that certain factors such as physical environment, social rewards, and time of employment are influential in the productivity of staff of all ranks, while other factors such as salary rewards for productivity and the conditions of employment have no significant effect. Alternative behaviors of productivity, sex and education were significantly effective on lower rank staff but they were not effective on administrative.

The globalization of computer systems application, increasing the software and hardware capabilities and the possibility of matching information transmission with human conceptual processes through information visualization and their elements like color, shape, size, etc. makes information visualization one of the important features in software designing.Information visualization consists of calculation and signal transmission of human conceivable numeral shape for understanding and discovering hidden relations between' data elements.The current paper tries to investigate the various aspects of information visualization and their-techniques including Pan& Zoom, Multiple Windows, Map View Strategy, Focus + Context, Hyperbolic Browser, Cone- Trees, Intelligent Zoom, Magic Ler1sand Chops Approach.