BAGH-E NAZAR
Year:2018 | Volume:15 | Issue:61 |Papers Count:9

The houses of the modern and postmodern era have failed to provide a “friendly haven” for their dwellers. Some evidence shows that they even promote a sense of alienation and detachment among the dwellers. Available studies show that this problem could be related to a variety of factors such as the lack of harmony between the dwelling and the existential aspects of human being, the lack of meanings associated with such aspects and, the passivity of the dwellers.Accordingly, the main question of this paper is how the dweller and dwelling are associated. To this end, this research aims at characterizing the house that encourages human to discover its hidden dimensions. Such a house promotes a reciprocal interaction with its dweller and it is like a mirror through which the dwellers can see themselves and reflect on what has been talked about.This article argues that “the legibility of dwelling” and “the dweller’s interpretation of meanings” are helpful to establish the relationship between the dweller and the dwelling. The relevant studies and theories on the topic were collected and analyzed to explore “the exchange of meaning between the dweller/ dwelling”. This study is an attempt to identify the factors contributing the relationship between the dweller and the dwelling. In this regard, based on the degree of legibility and meaning exchange, we proposed several levels of relationship between the dweller/dwelling: ”Signification”, “Meaning made by the dwellers” and “Meaning generated by the dwelling’”. Finally, the characteristics of a dwelling which interacts with the dweller are introduced and categorized as “readable and familiar dwelling”, “thought-provoking and imaginative dwelling”and “transcendental dwelling”.

Architectural historiography is one of the most important areas in architecture, and the main problem is that in Iran, it is not considered by domestic historians as it should; on the other hand, the existing historiographical works, which are mainly the result of the work of Western historians, are less criticized and their strengths and weaknesses are unclear.Therefore, in this research, as one of the historians influencing the history of Iranian architecture, Andre Godard’s historiographical works will be criticized and investigated.These works used as a reliable source for the study of Iranian architecture have not been reread and criticized, its criticizing is necessary. It is not clear that what aspects of the Iranian architecture is investigated by the historian based on his particular attitude and his historiography method and which aspects are neglected. Therefore their review clarifies the existing defects, on the one hand, and on the other hand, it can be a guide for mapping the history of Iranian architecture by Iranian historians.The objective of this research is to criticize and investigate Andre Godard’s historiography considering the fields and context of his historiography and how to reflect these fields in his historiography works. In this research, extraction of data from the written works of Godard’s historiography is a large part of the research process, and therefore the grounded theory that is a theory derived from the data collected and analyzed systematically during the research process was selected as the method of this research. The results of this study indicated that Andre Godard influenced by the fields of his era has investigated the historiography of Iranian architecture with a particular attitude which affected type of his recognition from Iranian architecture and in general, he can be introduced as a partial thinking historian, product-centered and regardless of the influential fields in architecture, Physics-centered, regardless of architectural aspects.

Every generation occupies the city and its spaces in a different manner. Drawing upon its technical knowledge and the features of its period, each generation creates private and public spaces. Any intervention in the urban spaces requires a better understanding of the cities and their stories throughout the history. In late Qajar and early Pahlavi era, the developments in the West in some way paralleled the changes in urban design methods in the East. The prevalent method in the West was used in combination with traditional methods. Over time, such practices in the first Pahlavi era resulted in a historical disconnection between the local principles and methods of urban design. The purpose of the present research is to understand how the principles of urban design and its related fields have contributed to the formation of the squares during the first Pahlavi era. This research is interpretive and historical in nature.Data were collected through library research and field study. The samples of this research consisted of 28 squares formed in the first Pahlavi period (1921-1941) in the major cities of Iran. For this purpose, the key factors in the formation of new urban spaces in the first Pahlavi period were investigated. The factors included urban renewal, lifestyle, socio-cultural elements and technology; then the language of the urban design principles was developed based on Carmona’s urban design dimensions. The results showed that the design language was influenced by the factors contributing to the formation of urban spaces and reflected the changes in its creating factors. In fact, the differences in the changes occurred were unassociated with evolutions and prior historical changes and resulted in the urban spaces with a new design language which was different from the one used in a prior urban design. However, such differences were somehow reflected in the designs of the squares before the first Pahlavi era.

Coherence and interactivity are considerable features of historical fabrics that can lead to formation of an integrated city known as a dynamic system. During historical epochs of time, the city was recognized as an integrated whole which comprised a wide range of structures form internal neighborhood structures to communicative and interconnected neighborhood structures in terms of a whole unit known as the city.• Statement of the problem: The lack of criteria for formulating neighborhoods coherence in new urban development and the emergence of segregated and discrete grains, as well as ignoring the neighborhood connections in major urban planning regulations are the main studied problems in this paper; since numerous research have focused on urban coherence in neighborhood scale, disregarding of the neighborhood interconnectivity. Moreover, urban coherence can be studied ubiquitously in geometric, physical, functional and social aspects that are all reflected in this paper regarding the functional and structural coherence and interactivity.• Research aim: This study aims at scrutinizing the criteria for coherence and complexity in neighborhood connective structures in order to achieve a conceptual model explaining neighborhood coherence and provide a flexible model for neighborhood adjacencies.• Research method: Having analyzed the contents that are related to urban coherence and unity, this paper adopts the qualitative research method in order to explain the relation of these contents to the realities of the existing fabrics. The decision-making process in this exploratory-explanatory research is completed using comparative analysis. The intellectual basis of the research is also founded on the basis of content analysis and deductive reasoning. In addition, ANP model has been adopted in the practical stages of this research. Therefore, 18 residential districts have been chosen to be evaluated and ranked according to a formulated check list. Finally, the proposed conceptual model is tested in District 1 of Kerman city according to the mentioned model.• Conclusion: The studies of this research reveal that if the 5 indicators of spatial organization, continuity, physic, sociability, and meaning of neighborhoods are combined with 11 indicators of spatial coherence, a matrix will be formed that can offer a coherent network of neighborhoods through the interaction of the indicator.

The Zoroastrian’s tower of silence (Dakhma) in Kerman, is one of the most valuable religious monuments of Kerman and its history dates back to 1233-1261S.H.Alongside, there is the main and older Dakhma that probably belongs to Sassanians. Since about 1320 S.H. that Zoroastrians burial tradition was changed because of the social and hygienic reasons, it was disused and now, is in undesirable condition.On the base of contemporary theory of conservation, one of the best ways to conservation of architectural heritage is regeneration and rehabilitation and put them into consideration if possible.There is three basic method to conserve an architectural monument based on contemporary and classical theories: the first one is protective preservation with focus on maintenance of physical conditions of monument in present situation and prevents it from changes; the second is restoration in old usage for continuity, and the third one is revitalization and rehabilitation with new usage that is relevance to the authenticity and identity.Each of above methods will follow different problems that are depended on the type of monument and various values and conditions of physical and nonphysical status of the building.At first, in this paper, the information of Dakhma gathered for the field study and then analyzed in qualitative research and deductive reasoning to find the best intervention in the monument.In the end, according to the result of subject value essay and at the other hand, the needs of stakeholders, the third method as giving a new usage with emphasize the authenticity and identity of the subject regeneration it, is resulted.

Mir Ali ibn Hasan Tabrizi known as “Qudwat al-Kuttab Moala”, one of the greatest calligraphers of the Timurid era and the composer of Nastaliq script, established a distinct rule and form for this writing style for the first time. The only credible signed work of Mir Ali is a version of Nizami’s Khusraw u Shirin (808A.H-1406A.D) in Freer gallery of art which is of great importance in terms of writing and orthography. Accordingly, the subject of this article is investigating the Mir Ali Tabrizi’s orthography, based on this manuscript.This study aims at identifying the style and rules used in Mir Ali’s calligraphy as the primary samples of Nastaliq. Also, it is tried to answer these questions: 1. How is the goodformation in Mir Ali Tabrizi’s writing? 2. How is the good-establishment in Mir Ali’s Nastaliq writing style.This study was carried out through a descriptive-analytical method and the data collection methods were a library (written documents) and field (direct observation).Good-formation in Mir Ali’s writing shows that elongations follow certain and relatively stable rules and are often short and sharp. The form and proportions of the second movement of the circles are similarly repeated in all letters. Dots have the same slope, with no sharp corners and less wide than the pen’s width. Good-establishment in Mir Ali’s writing appears as at least one elongation in most hemistiches and the elimination of the final letters and some essential dots of the letters. Adding some dots follow the old tradition of writing, and joining some letters likely influenced by the Taliq script. Diacritic and decorative motions are limited to a few instances.