MAQALAT WA BARRASIHA
Year:2000 | Volume:33 | Issue:67|Papers Count:10

This article is an attempt to present some logical comprehensive rules to select the best method of regulating these criteria. The essential steps to accomplish them are: To study the key role of these criteria and necessity of evaluation of the accomplished facts, to perform a comparative study on the methods of the writers, to present an acceptable method to distinguish these different styles, to describe what some experts have done, and to determine the place of samples in ascending range.

Pawn and hire are two kinds of transactions in our society. Is this legitimate? Is it legitimate to raise pawning condition in hire transaction? If so, is the renter permitted to make profit of the property in pawn? Is total pawming lawful in hiring? Is pawning and hiring considered as a Kind of pawning condition in hire transaction? All these are discussed in this article.

Permanent archetypes are one of the key terms in theosophical system of Ibn Arabi. The Idea has some similar samples in the past schools. This term is established by Ibn Arabi himself. Mystics and philosophers, following him, used this term in issues such as "knowledge of God", "emanation of God", and "creation". Mulla Sadra, the inventor of transcendent theosophy, in some parts of his brilliat work, al- Asfar al- Arabaa, admiring Ibn Arabi, uses this term and approves his own theory, while in some other parts raising similarties between this term and pre-eternal Stationaries of muatazilites disapproves and justifies it. This article is an attempt to clarify the idea of "permanet archetypes" in theosophical system of Ibn Arabi and transcendent theosophy of Mulla Sadra, taking into consideration "the pre-creation divine knownledge" to the extent possible.

Comparative study of basic principles is a way toward opening scholarly discussion with Western philosophers. This article is an attempt to make comparison between general and intellctual concepts in Islamic plilosophy and Kant philosophy. Making comparison between basic intellectual concepts and Kant empiricism, their differences in clarifying the origin of acquisition and the method of showing reality are discussed in this article. Kant's understanding catagories are compared with each one of logical and philosophical secondary intellectual concepts and they are taken into the secondary philosophical intellectual concepts.

Three "discourses" besides "social contract" among Rousseaus works represent the evolution of his idea on "civil society". In the first "discourse" he condemns and reproaches the civilization and civil sosiety in which the ownership appears, and equality and justice disappears. Following the first "discourse", in the next two "discourses" he tries to legitimatize "civil society" under some particular conditions and upon "sosial contract". Unlike Locke, he does not consider civil society based on an unwritten contract which is aaccepted among the whole society, and contrary to Hobbes he does not approve the supremacy of state and pover over the contract.Rousseau claims that civil society may be established on "Conscience", "Social contract", and "general will", although it is necessary for people to the be morally devoted to the "contract" and the "unity" which is its product and on which the society is based. Considering this, Rousseau discusses the necessity of religion to protect the unity of society and the necessity of its legal support. He introduces this concept as "civil religion".

Hermeneutics is an old method in interpreting sacred texts which its origins go back to Greeks and the epics of the Iliad and the Odyssey and, thereafter, to the followers of Philo and interpretations of Avesta (Zandics).Among Muslims, this method was first used in the interpretation of Detached Letters; then, in its highest point, various sects such as Mutazilits, Batinis, Brethren of Purity, Philosophers, literalists, and gnostics began to interpret the Quran and Hadith (tradition).In gnosticism, ascending from word meaning and from expression to indication is called hermeneutics having the human being as its basis. This human being obtains an gradual understanding of facts through changing and existential growth.Rumi in Mathnavi which is considered a mystical interpretion, resorts repeatedly to hermeneutcs; his method is that of reconciling between the apparent and the hidden. He uses the words in their actual meaning; this, of course, is not possible but through intuition and internal witnessing. In Mathnavi, Rumi, through presenting different allegories, pictures this sense of hermeneutcs which is numerous, various and pleasant.

Sayyed Muhammad b. fallah b. Hebatullah (d. 870 H.) one of the disciples of Shaykh Ahmad b. fahd Helli (d. 841 H) leading a rebellion in south eastern Iraq and Khusestan established Musha ashaiyan, an independent shii rule. His theories and viewpoints in study of this period are very important.Sayyed Muhammads viewpoint concerning Mahdawiyyat, on which there are many questions, is discussed in this article. Our knowledge about this theory comes from two sources: The orginal non-Musha ashai sources which represent his claim to be the promised Mahdi, and his only remained work i.e. Kalam al-Mahdi, in which he introduces himself as the deputy of the Imam. The difference between these two sources is discussed in this article.

Mughira b. Shuaba, one of the four Arab smart people, is different from the three others. Despite of his historical fame, his life is not studied well. The present article studies his life from his submission to Islam up to his death and his role in the events of the first half of the first Hejri century choronologically. His real personality and the facts sharing in the structure of his political personality are discussed with a glance at the first half of Hejri century.

Child psychology is a modern science and in this sense was unknown among Muslims and non-Muslims in Medieval period, although Muslims theological, philosophical and historical literature is full of information concerning childhood and its charactristics. F. Rosental, in this article represents Muslims theological, philosophical, theosophical and historical approach toward this issue. The sources to which he has referred are authenticated and genuine. This researeh reflects his acutely treatment of the sources.