JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES
Year:2007 | Volume:17 | Issue:65|Papers Count:8

This paper will study the uprising of Zaid Ibn Ali and his son, Yahya, during the last decade of the Umayyad reign. Zaid Ibn Ali invited people to join him according to the Quran and the Sira'. Initially some groups pledged their loyalty to him (bai'a). But in practice, during the movement, he was alone and lacked strong support. Also during Yahya's movement in Khurasan, the Abbasids followers did not support him, although, after his death they demand retaliation. While, long before the Zaid's movement, the Abbassids began their revolt, but during these two movements they did not cooperate, even they took out their followers from Kufeh and ordered them not to cooperate with Zaid. The article argues that the Abbasids, by 'moving in the margins', saved themselves from the dangers threatened these movements. But, during the early years of their reign, by claiming retaliation of death of Zaid and Yahya, they showed their relationship with them.

Emad al Din Katib-e Isfehani, an Iranian historian of the late 6th century A.H. played an important role in developing critical historiography of his period. This article, through an analytical approach, studies his historical theory and methods.The article maintains that the historical theory of Isfehani has the following three characteristics: elitism, critical approach and the tendency towards Shari'ah. Based on these characteristics and by using analytical descriptive methods, Isfehani accomplished a pathological study of declining the Saljuqs, Ayyubids and Zangids. The article argues that due to Isfehani's harmonious theory, he made his historiography applicable to other historical topics and periods. In this respect, the article argues Isfehani' s historical works are comparable with that of Mas'udi and Moskoiah.

The first constitutional movement in the Islamic world occurred in the Ottoman Empire in 1876 AD; and thirty years later, in 1906 the Iranian Constitutional Revolution took place. As expected, these revolutions brought about a great transformation in both countries, having their own characteristics, differences and similarities. The present article will concentrate on the scale of power and authority of the Sultan in the first Ottoman Constitution comparing with that of the Shah's in the Iranian Constitution. Considering the detail of the authorities, the article will analyze the privileges given to shahs and sultans in the two constitutions. The article argues that the scale of authorities of sultan was very vast in a way that there were not much obstacles or limitation in forming of Abdul-Hamid's despotism. But the authority of the shah in the Iranian constitution was much limited.

Since the ancient time, the Persian Gulf trade has been very significant. The important ports of the Persian Gulf including Siraf, lenabeh and Mahrouyan had played an important role in the international trade. However, in some periods of the medieval times, particularly during the Saljuks, sea trade of the Persian Gulf declined, except in the Port of Tiz in Makran shore which had a considerable growth. This article will investigate the reasons for the decline of the Sea trade in the Persian Gulf during the Saljuks (the 5th and 6th centuries A.H.). Two reasons for this decline are realized: 1- The lack of a strong government in Fars and Khuzestan regions; 2- A reasonable and consistent trade policy by the Fatimids in Egypt which brought about growth of Red sea trade as an alternative. 

Since eighty years ago, particularly after the work of Kasravi on Azari, many Surveys and studies have been done about the ancient language of Azabaijan and its ethnic, cultural and linguistic origins. One of the main topics, in this regard, is the linguistic roots of Turkish language and its spreading throughout Iran. There are considerable differences among scholars. This article will analyze Azari language, its historical roots and the effects of the immigration of Turks on its structural changes. The paper argues that, based on historical, geographical and linguistic sources, Azerbaijan had its own language in the ancient time with its Aryan roots. The paper denies that the Turkish language has been imposed to this area as a cultural and historical phenomenon; rather it will show that the language is a rooted reality.

Religious Conflicts is one of the horrific disasters which always have threatened unity of Muslims and wasted a considerable energy. For a long time, these conflicts were going on among different factions of Sunni which caused destruction of many cities and buildings including schools and mosques. Besides Baghdad, these conflicts happened in many cites of Iran. The most important conflicts occurred between Hanafis and Shafeis in the 5th and 6th century A.H. In this period, the Ash'ari Shafeis, were resisting against the Hanafi Salukis. The Shafeis and Hanafis were fighting in Isfahan directed by Sa'edian and khojandian. The former was in charge of managing religious and city affairs of Isfahan for one and half century, while the latter was in charge of judiciary affairs in this city for centuries.This article will investigate the above-mentioned problem through answering following questions:What was the role of Khojnodian and Sa'dian in the religious conflicts of Isfehan? 2) How did the religious conflicts between Khojnodian and Sa'edian in the two areas, Dardasht and Jouyareh, affected the social and cultural life of Isfahan?

The reign of Fathalishah Qajar is the most sensitive and critical period in the history of Iran. On one hand, rivalry between France, Britain and Russia in the region in order to influence in the Iranian court, and on the other hand confrontation of Iran, India and the Ottomans with foreign threat, brought about an opportunity for Iran to manipulate and utilize the international political situation for its benefit. However, this article argues how sociopolitical and economic insecurity, the consecutive upheavals and revolutions, and ruling of 'sword and ignorance' prevented Iranian authorities to have an appropriate strategy to benefit from the situation and to think of the country's national interests.The article will also study, as a case, policies and actions of Muhammad Nabi Khan, a merchant and a politician of this period, who was not concerned with the national interest of Iran. He made extended commercial relationships with the East India Company in the southern part of Iran. He held a numbers of important governmental positions while receiving monthly salary from the Company. The case of Muhammad Nabi Khan represents the social and psychological context of the Iranian politicians behaviors.

At the zenith of power pyramid in the tribal structure of Mongols, the amirs (Noyans) had formed a vast and influential network. This network had an extended authorities including choosing khans; directing soldiers (Sepahian) and overseeing army; arbitration in the wars; settling tribal differences; controlling financial affairs; managing formal ceremonial and embassy affairs; etc. In fact, they had an important role in all- political, military and even economic and cultural affairs of Mongol's society. This paper will study the extent of efficiency and effectiveness of Amirs. In order to do that, it is first necessary to specify their position in the pyramid of political power, and then to investigate their role in the council's affairs. This paper argues that it is difficult to draw an exact line between amirs' scale of power and other invested groups. In fact, their extent of power was not static, but according to social, ethnic and political situation varied. Thus, as this article shows, the overall position of amirs, comparing to other authorities, was increasingly superior.