Human Geography Research
Year:2018 | Volume:50 | Issue:2 |Papers Count:20

Introduction: Urbanization is a global phenomenon with substantial effects on different aspects of human society. The urban population of world is increased from 200 million in 1900 to about 2. 9 billion in 2000 and estimated about 5 billion by 2030. In developing countries, urbanization is associated with globalization through natural population growth, rural-urban migration, lifestyle convergence. While urbanization is a major challenge in sustainable development in social, economic and environmental aspects, many studies were conducted about urban systems in the past years. Urbanization can upgrade rapid socio-economic development and, at the same time, lead to many problems including high population density, heavy traffic, lack of housing, degradation of resources, loss of biodiversity, heat islands of, noise, water and air pollution. Today urban sustainable development with different aspects has been a major challenge. Urbanization growth show significant changes in land use method. To have a sustainable urban development, land use planning must meet current and future needs of citizens together. Urban management that considers just the demands of today citizens, land use change, and without compromising the needs of future generations, is not competent.

Introduction: Achieving sustainable development depends on the attention to the economic, social, cultural and environmental factors in a community. Tourism as an effective element in development requires further research. The complexity and density in urban life make many people to regard the nature and the areas with valuable natural capacity. Thus, flows of tourism are formed in order to enjoy the peace and beauty of nature. Tourism has different forms that are different in regard to environmental conditions. It is believed that tourism is a green activity and, therefore, it does not damage the environment. Urban areas in terms of natural and historical circumstances, highland areas with beautiful perspectives, lush gardens, environmental characteristics, altitude, beautiful topography and landscapes and landmarks in villages provide a good ground for development of rural ecotourism with planning, proper management, and suitable investment.

Introduction: The importance of urban environments as the main settlements for people is increasingly growing in recent years. High population density in urban areas has led to environmental degradation; therefore, special attention must be paid to habitat quality in these areas. Today, Tehran is high density and the largest human settlement on Iran plateau. It has been established in one of the best natural and climatic conditions of Iran plateau. It seems that over two hundred years, environmental, natural and geographical conditions as well as ecosystems around the city have been changed in such a way that not only it cannot be considered as an integral part of its surrounding ecosystem, but it is even faced with many problems to provide human biological needs and social demands. DPSIR approach, which starts with a chain of causal linkages of "driving forces" (cause) through "pressure", i. e. pollutants, on logical "status" (physical, chemical, and biological) and the "effects", can eventually lead to "responses" (strategies) in ecosystems (structure and function). DPSIR was developed from PSR model by Europe Environment Agency (EEA).

Introduction Welfare of the citizens is one of the most important foundations to create a growing and dynamic community. This is a minimal level of well-being and social protection without current means to support basic needs, sometimes referred to as public aid. In most of the developed countries, the welfare is provided by the government from tax income and, to a lesser extent, by charities, informal social groups, religious groups and inter-governmental organizations. Welfare and social plans supported by social justice can reduce poverty and social inequality in urban societies. It is effective to resort to smaller-scale plans to bring about justice in the cities in order to achieve social welfare.

Introduction Rent is defined as a surplus or non-productive profits resulted from inherent or intentional scarcity. Differences between inherent or intentional conditions and consumer and transaction values of urban lands have led to creation of "Rent", that is extravagant profits in housing production sector. Land and housing rent are resulted from location, economical and physical factors as well as management decision makings. Building violations within a city are associated with construction activities and the measures pertaining to holdings without construction permissions issued by different municipalities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the occurrences of building violations as well as land and housing rent with respect to Sanandaj municipality in 2003-2011.

Introduction: Rural housing is a social, cultural, economic, and physical phenomenon developed to provide required conditions for living. Main function of housing, in addition to being a shelter, is to provide good conditions for family to fulfill their activities. In recent years, rural housing as a physical and cultural element has vastly changed. This cultural element, in addition to its resident role, is considered as a part of working and production space as well as storing space for life requirements. In recent decades, rural housing has sustained considerable changes and the main role of housing is related to family living and economic activities. . This study as a descriptive-analytic research has quantitative (statistic) methods to analyze field data.

Introduction: Inequality between urban and rural areas and also among different settlements across the country in terms of distribution of facilities and services, currently has been turned into an obstacle for integrated and sustainable development, almost in all developing countries. Most of the services and facilities are gathered in certain places, particularly rural areas, and lack of services has caused more migration to the counties, evacuation of villages from population, unemployment and enormous problems for rural and urban areas as well as many problems in the planning for sustainable development for planners and policy makers in development process.

Introduction: With increasing population growth in recent decades in Iran, the space and spatial sustainable development became important for urban planners and policy makers. Many cities have huge valuable timeworn space sources available that can be used for reconstruction problems. Thus, renovation and rehabilitation of these old urban textures are attracted the attention of the policy makers. Hence, the smart growth approach defined as a model for managing growth in the USA pays particular attention to endogenous potentials for growth. Special principles and instruments are defined in the model for management of land to apply it in urban planning system of the country. These executive tools direct the urban land development so that it can be observed in landscape of land development.

Introduction: Nowadays urban spaces have become a traffic spaces and the places for automobiles. Traffic impacts on citizens in urban areas particularly children are obvious. Children who usually live near busy streets and parking sites do not have satisfied feeling about their home and life and this cannot be considered as a safe environment for life and playing. This insecure feeling and lack of desire to play and go outside are the separate factors, regardless of socio-economic status of urban neighborhoods. Being more far away from roadways can enhance the safety of children and provide clean weather for them.

Introduction: One of the issues analyzed by researchers to understand the city and its formation is the historic structure of the city. Although these historic sites are in urban centers, most of their houses are abandoned and destroyed due to the instability of the materials. Old tissues of urban areas can influence social and economic activities. Therefore, urban distressed areas, as one of the challenges of recent cities can influence citizens. Urban space is composed of various elements. By joint donor-order system, the individual components communicate with each other. There are significant correlations among the extents of unity and essential components. The aim of this study is to examine a sample of tissue near the center, in the center of old town of Sardasht. Using GIS, we have identified indicators of burnout and extraction for decision making.

Introduction: Given the development of villages and appearance of many problems in the economic, socio-cultural, environmental conditions, it seems necessary to analyze social properties of urban areas. In this study, we have distributed e-survey questionnaire for data collection. The population of this study includes rural villages. Khodabandeh city consists of 21 villages including Zavajer, Sheikh Aloo, Bejeghen and Toop Ghareh with a total population of 3752 people and 1039 families that have been studied in this research. The villages are in the two groups with a population of more than thousand people and a population of less than one thousand. Therefore, in this study the city Khodabandeh, Central District and suburban district have been analyzed in terms of access to the city center.

Introduction: The expansion of urban system in the Sassanid period and the significant increase in the number of teachers did not reduce the prohibition of mass participation in higher education and science education centers, and it was rarely possible for an individual to exceed the limits of the class system, and to a class other than the class of Self Improvement.

Introduction: In the urban system of developing countries, due to differences in the political, social and economic structure of these countries, there are unbalanced and unequal spatial distribution of population and urban activities and services. In Iran, the phenomenon of inequality in the distribution of urban resources and facilities has been shaped by the escalation of false urbanization along with the socio-political and economic developments. Today, in urban planning system, it was attempted to avoid interferences in land uses and also availability of these services in each region to mitigate centralization and aggregation pattern in certain regions.

Introduction: This research analyzes the impacts of social and geopolitical factors on the emergence of Iranian realism over the past four decades. These factors are including the historical roots of insecurity in Iran, the regional geopolitical position of Iran, the geography of the Iran-Iraq War, the hostility of Americans and Israelis against Iran. Iranian realism has influenced the evolution of domestic and geopolitical realities and challenges of regional and international geopolitical and national interests in the pursuit of pragmatism. The seventh and eighth and eleventh governments of IRI have continued to engage with the world and domestic and foreign policy behavior was on this basis. In order to achieve national goals and interests in the international arena, this approach was continued and largely succeeded. Historically, Iran's position on the crossroads has caused concerns of national security. Territorial and geographical location has always been able to shake the resolution. This is a historical problem. Several factors during the Islamic Republic government and the attitude of realism in the conduct of foreign relations and its international direction are the components of the geographical, historical, geopolitical and geo-political functions.