Journal of Historical Researches
Year:2012 | Volume:47 | Issue:4 (12)|Papers Count:10

Itinerary writing is one of the branches of literature. West and Andelos itinerary writers are in common and follow special specifications in their writings by, collecting and compiling information and record them in their itineraries that makes the raw material for Literal Itineraries. One of these itinerary writers is AbouAbdollah Abdari, the author of “Alrehlah Al Maghrabiah” in 7th Century A.H. Some of the reasons of his journeies were: pilgrimage to Mecca, to acquire knowledge from the great scholars and to trade. His itinerary is full of descriptions about people’s state of affairs, places, legal and literary sciences. From his itinerary, it could be deduced that he was a wise scientist and a careful and proficient critic. His descriptions of the people whom he contacted, scenes and places where he has been through are so vivid and clear that makes the audience fill as travelers that is, the live witness. With respect to the importance of itineraries in Islamic civilization, the authors here are determined to consider itinerary method of writings about West and Andelos in its general form relying on Abou Abdollah Abdari’s itinerary.

The Ghali movement originated during the creation of Imam Ali’s Apostasy. In this respect a narration, of course not verified, reveals that when Imam Ali tried to make them to repent and convert to Islam they rejected the idea, hence they were burned in fire. In this study the above mentioned theme will be evaluated. Here it is found that due to lack of proper evidence, the ambiguities in the text, difference in interpretations and irrationality of the theme the claims cannot be true. In a way this narration is in the shadow of an unknown narration that evolves around Abdollah Ib. Saba, and this is another fact that nullifies the narration.

Egyptians who were tired of Byzantines’ political and cultural dominance did not resist the Arabs invasion. Moreover, governors who were appointed and sent to rule Egypt by the Caliphs treated non-Muslims and the native inhabitants of Egypt according to the signed treaties. The terms and conditions in these treaties allowed the Arab conquerors and the native Egyptians to socialize with each other. After the Conquest of Egypt many Arabs and Muslims entered Egypt. Thus Egyptians and Muslims met more than before and the grounds were paved for the dissemination of Arabic culture and language. By the end of the Sofianids era some of the Egyptians converted to Islam and changed nationality that is they became Arabs. This process continued for the next two centuries after the advent of Islam until Egypt changed nationality and religion.

The key point of local historiography focuses on the studies about a particular regional area. Thus local historians, based on their distraction on specific geographical places, have more time to look deeper into the details in different perspectives and introduce a geometrical viewpoint. Living in a certain geographical aria, gives a local historian the opportunity to obtain and record various issues; which no one else has had the chance to undertake. Therefore, local history is a broad field for different practices of mind and sight to be investigated like themes that over the decades and centuries have remained as beneficial heritage from yesterdays to the readers of today and the future. Different approaches to social, political and official circles at their local/regional level, and in general subjects on the rural and urban structure in details and the circumstances of city construction would be another range of topics for studies. This study tries to examine the following hypothesis: Qajar period is the last era in the field of traditional local historiography which has had a major variety of themes. Based on the historical sources, this article seeks to draw out the related themes and subjects and classify them for further study in the Qajar era.

The Medes and Persians were two close ethnic Immigrant Aryan ethic groups who immigrated to Iranian plateau probably in the second half of the second millennium BC and settled in the East of Zagrous mountain range. The presence of various ethnic groups in this region and the Assyrians in specific frequently campaigned against the new comers. The Medes and Persians had to unite with some of these groups; so the Medes joined the Diaku and the Persians, the Achaemenes. Objective of this article is the examining the correlation between the Medes and Persians before the Achaemenid Empire was established. Although many of scholars of ancient history, based on Herodotus reports indicate that Medes ruled over the Persians after Phraortes, in this article it is tried to demonstrate the opposite. Based on the Greek Historians reports and Mesopotamia documents, in particular Assyrian, Babylonian and Archaeological data, and applying historical methodology these two Aryan groups lived peacefully before Astyages who for the first time took campaign against Cyrus the Great in 559 BC. In other words, it was Astyages, who for the first time tried to overcome Persia where Arian ethic groups lived in peace with mutual respect towards one another.

Bakharz was one of the oasis and developing districts in Khurasan (Razavi), on Herat rout. It was also the birthplace of well-known personalities like Sayf al-Din Bakharzi, Taj al-Din Bakharzi, Abu al-Mafakhir Bakharzi, Ali ibn al-Hasan Bakharzi, Abu al-Hasan Bakharzi and particularly Khaja Ala al-Din Ali Saneei, one of the officials of Sultan Husayn Bayqara’s reign. One of the tributary villages of Bakharz in the past was Razeh which is changed to Mashhad i Rizeh located in the vicinity of Taybad Town. This village is the birthplace of Ali Saneei Bakharzi where his tomb is placed, and based on the historical literature and the inscriptions on his tombstone, which is identified by the author; his parentage goes backs to Al-i Barmak. His dissensions with Amir Ali-shir Navai caused his imprisonment and ultimately his death on gallows in the day of Ashura, 891 H.A. In this article, based on a field study, for the first time his tomb is being investigated.

The meeting of Saqifa called by Ansar Khezerji was convened. When Abu Bakr entered the session the condition was changed in favour of Muhajirun and circumstances became fit for Abu Bakr to take the Caliphate. Regarding the dispute between Muhajir (immigrant) and Ansar (Supporter) over the Caliphate the question is: which strategy could pave the way for Abu Bakr to take that possession and repel the claimants? The findings in this study point to the hypothesis that Abu Bakr- by regenerating the Jahili concepts of “Siyada” and “al-Bayt” could prove the superiority (Siyada) of the Qurayshites over other tribes and promote the position of Muhajir to the rank of “al-Bayt” in order to seize the caliphate as their representative.