TEXTUAL CRITICISM OF PERSIAN LITERATURE (RESEARCHES ON PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE)
Year:2012 | Volume:3 | Issue:4 (12)|Papers Count:8

In this study the common usage of the Persian words "joft" and "yoogh" (mean two or pair in agricultural contexts), along with their varied pronunciations has been shown. Old documents and dialectal usages of the two words show that both of them signify two or pair, that they have been used interchangeably, and that sometimes both of them have the same pronunciation. Also, the history of their phonological development reveals their common root. Considering the common root and common meaning of the two words, one mistake in writing in several poems has been emended.

Molana is one of the mystics who particularly cared about the remembrance of God and its symbols. Remembrance of God is the most important reason of connection with the metaphysic world, about which numerous symbols can be found in the poems of Molana.One of these symbols is calmative (delaram) which is in connection with serenity (sekineh) obtained by isolation, worship, continuous remembrance of God and numinous notions.Numinous notion is the opposite point of memory in psychological and philosophical sense. In philosophy, thinking about what happened in the past is due to pondering and understanding the meaning of time and existence. Philosophers have posed the memory in proportion to the human’s phenomena, which forms his identity and characters.The meaning of numinous notion and its formation process in Islamic mysticism has been studied in this paper.

Allegory has an old usage in Persian poetry and it is one of the features of Indian style. Rhetoricians from past until today have had different ideas about its definition and types. One group took that as a kind of simile or metaphor and others took that as a figurative device and took the idioms as allegory too. This article tries to introduce and criticize different viewpoints and descriptions and present a distinctive description of allegory and introduce all kinds of that and make it notable that allegory is a kind of simile and thus it is an image and should be considered in imagery.

One type of compound sentences in Persian syntax is the oath compound sentence. This type of structure with four patterns has been used in Hafiz’s poetry (791 A.D). In this paper, while introducing these four patterns, their poetical evidence is analyzed syntactically and the coexistence of the compound sentence with that of quasi-exclamatory and interrogative sentences is considered. At the end of this paper some points about the term "khodara" and its connection to oath are mentioned.

The first level of all written works, without which we are unable to understand a text appropriately and accurately, is language. Thus, all writers in different scientific disciplines argued about linguistic issues and questions in their works, especially in cases that the subject of work was connected with technical and rhetorical aspects.One of the greatest works of Persian literature in poetics and rhetoric is al-Mo’jam fi Ma’ayir-e Ash’ar al-Ajam of Shams Gheys-e Razi, in which the writer argues about the linguistic and lexical topics, especially the structure and derivation of some words.Due to considerable developments and improvements of historical linguistics in the late centuries we can analyze these ideas with more attention.In this article, I want to investigate the derivations that Shams Gheys explained in his work by using linguistic and grammatical criteria and demonstrate accuracy and inaccuracy of them.

For developing his moral and ethical concepts, Sadi has made use of principles of other sciences including medicine and anatomy, which is an introduction to medicine, in his works. Within the range of anatomy science Sadi’s words accord mainly with the topics of ancient medical books of anatomy science, for example, he believes that the essence of breast milk and sperm is blood which is found exactly in the medical books.In Sadi’s works numerous diseases are mentioned, the most important of which are Filaria Medinensis, fever and melancholia. In Sadi’s stories some of these diseases are treated but their treatment is not through drugs but through magnanimity and kindness and this fact is in accordance with moral and ethical purposes of Sadi. The number of anecdotes related to physicians, ophthalmologist and veterinarian is noticeable.In some of these anecdotes, the inability of physician in treating patients is mentioned.He has also some stories concerning the patients. He has recommended nursing and visiting patients.

Dream has preoccupied human’s mind since it is attached to him and is part of his spiritual and intellectual life. This subject has a significant position in Shahname.Dreams have significance for advancement of Shahname’s stories and Firdawsi’s lofty educational‚ religious and moral goals. This article classifies the dreams from the viewpoint of content and structure and pays attention to their role in the formation of stories.First, dreams are divided to direct and indirect the basis of their suggestion to characters and then they are analyzed structurally with regard to source, appearance and result. With regard to source dreams are divided into Irani and An irani. On the basis of appearance they are divided into explicit, symbolic and quasi-symbolic and with regard to result they are divided into psychological and behavioral effects.

Musk, apart from its other usages, is a kind of animal medicine which is considered as one of the singular drugs. In this study, various widespread usages of this medical substance and its reflection in Persian poetry are dealt with in order to clarify some of verses and describing their images as a model for further researches.