TEXTUAL CRITICISM OF PERSIAN LITERATURE (RESEARCHES ON PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE)
Year:2009 | Volume:45 | Issue:2|Papers Count:8

Literature is part of the language whose aim is creating artistic and beautiful concepts as well as conveying emotions and compassion to its audience. Researching on any poet’s literary works is ineffective without considering syntax and semantics of his language; hence, the writer is to review and analyse the details and structure of the language and vocabulary. Rudaki is unique in using elements of the language and choice of words. His poems are filled with simple yet rare fluency. Persian language in the 4th century owes it richness to Rudaki and his concurrent artists.

Rudaki is one of the greatest Persian poets. Although just some few parts of his poetry have come to us, he had been able to introduce himself as one of the most important poets of his own time and the whole Persian history as well. Since there is no conspicuous poet owning a book (Divan) prior to Rudaki, one can regard him as the first Persian poet owning a book. Hence, being familiar with Rudaki, his poetry and his works could be of great importance in this regard. One of the major topics put forth in Rudaki’s poetry is the style of his poetry's music. This is to such an extent that, some times, promotes him as one of the best - known figures who has gone far beyond other poets especially in the fields of “rhyming” and "Variety of prosodic features". This article is due to survey Rudaki's poetry and compare him with the succeeding poets in order to clarify his eminence among the others.

The present article aims to investigate the background and casts light on a social and cultural forgotten tradition that has been reflected through a complex simile as well as illusory words in the following couplet of the survived Rudaki's poems.Behind the clouds, the sun makes appear its face nowAnd then like a prisoner passing by her watcherAccording to the findings of this article, the watcher (Raghib) is a professional man whom the noble families employ for training and looking after their children. The Prisoner (Hesari) means a beautiful beloved who hides her charming and sun-like face behind the veil. Without considering this tradition, Rudaki's verse would be missed its delicacy and elegance.

This article, at first, discuses the fact that language is the most important means of human being to reach the fact and beauty. Language is a means of logical thinking rather than a way of communication. However, literary language in Rudaki's poetry has the best capacity to identify and reveal mental concepts through using aesthetics. The main question of this article is how Rudaki connected language to thought and what is his artistic creation? For this reason the researcher, after presenting and considering evidences, proves that Rudaki has used all characteristics of language and principals of creative language to connect literary language and thought together. The most prominent elements of Rudaki's thought and literary language are: using the most proper words in collocation, distinguishing the relationship of cause and effect and existence through literary language, asserting artistic fact, using imagination and principles of association of meanings, and entering poetical experience in language dominion (domain).

The poem is based on thinking and imageries. The poet's considerations are indeed his speeches that are canalized through a poetic form and consequently spring to the addresser's mind. The thinking and speech have direct and exchanging relation, therefore, the poet's considerations of the environment coincides with his ideas. So we can trace his considerations through his speeches, so it must be said that the speech equals with consideration. Rudaki's poem reflects his ideas. His simple and explicit consideration made his speech simple and explicit. In this article his ideas and speeches are reviewed in four areas: advice, love, description and eulogy, and the factors which bring about such simplicity and eloquence in his poems will be analyzed.

The logical and systematic study about intellectual peculiarities of a writer, poet and artist is an exact scientific way that can guide us toward their world. This essay is based on a comparative study and analyses of the thinking of the father of Persian poem - Rudaki - with quatrains of the sage Omar Khayyam. We will show in this research that, in fact, there are so many of the common aspects between these two great pieties despite of a few various differences. Khayamic soul, which is a reflection of thinking prevalent before Islam, has also some traces among the works of the other poets before him. The writers of this article try to explain common poetical world with the exact explication of their verses. If we look deeply, we will see that their conceptual source is the same. We will compare their thinking in the field of worthlessness of the world, certainty of death, seizing the moment, disapproving of hypocrisy, and so on.

Rudaki is the first great poet in the Persian Literature. He is known to compose so many poems. He is also considered to be one of the earliest poets among Persian poets. Variety of concepts, Power of speech, coherence, delicacy and tenacity in his verses caused a large number of poets to turn their attention to his works. Many poets have quoted some of his verses in their poems. The earliest trace in which you can find Rudaki's quotations is in Farokhi Sistani’s and Amir Moezi Neyshabouro’s Divan. In this article, I have tried to study the attitudes of Moezi towards Rudaki, quotation of the verses, and some of the common motives between Rudaki's verses and Moezi’s.

The importance of this research is propounded from two aspects: the first one is the special place of the semantics in the Persian eloquence sciences and its special role as the most applicable means for literary context studies. Semantics is the basis of the speech which describes poet's world view and ideology. Sentence elements replacement, brevity & verbosity and implied senses of speeches all are directly related to levels and internal layers of Rudaki Samarghandi as the gifted poet of the 4th century beginnings. The second aspect of the research importance is the unique place of the father of Persian poem as the master of the poets and the owner of the first complied poems of Persian literature. The reasonable poems of this poet are indicating his effective world view and ideology. It is clear that Rudaki has enjoyed semantics means likes other famous poets in his poems. The kind and the degree of this application, and explaining his ideologies, thoughts and believes are the subject of this research.