Geography
Year:2004 | Volume:- | Issue:1|Papers Count:9

International relations after collapse of Soviet Union and the end of cold war changed basically. Unilaterally and strategy of U.S.A is very important in this new space. United State notice two threats exclusively that is origin for w orId peace. Terrorism and Mass Destruction Weapons (WMD) and compani on of them namely Rogue state (in the U.S. vision) have been enhanced mor.e than before. Although essential reason of IT is that have no powerful oppos ite in the international relation (IR) but such process have risen the unilaterall y and be imperialist of U.S Nuclear Weapons discussion of Iran is in the U.S. agenda. U.S.A with using of advocating and conspiring has tried to put nu clear weapons of Iran in the discussion globally and strategically. Iran always point out that its nuclear questions and its threat object in the nuclear ambit ions is peaceful but united state declare that Iran has a nuclear threat object i n the nuclear weapons and for this reason must exclude from nuclear technology overall. This article has a geopolitical glance to nuclear weapons conflic ts and its affect on national security of Iran.

Although snow is one of the most important parameters in hydrological and climatologic studies in Iran, and as an indicator of climate change, the sparse network of ground observing stations and the common problems caused by severe environment make it difficult to monitor.A new passive microwave satellite algorithm based on single channel (V3 7 GHz) for retrieving snow depth was developed. To help identify appropriate method, a statistical comparison was made between the results of this algorithm and the available in situ data. Data from two sources were 0 btained: FII-SSM/I data from the Centre for Remote Sensing and gr ound truth data from the Water Resource Research Organization under the authority of the Iranian Ministry of Energy. The snow depth pro duct compared with in situ data confirmed that passive microwave r emote sensing has a great potential (R2=0.92) for the detection of snow depth, especially in regions where few observations are made o n the ground. In contrast to earlier work (Chang etal. 1987), which has suggested that passive microwave snow depth algorithm is able to detect snow depths only up to about 50cm, results from this research evidenced that new algorithm, are able to identify snow depths more than 50 cm i n Iran. The results of the research also provide a useful basis for continuous snow depth monitoring and longer term-data in Iran. Particularly thro ugh real-time or near real-time operations.

Until the Constitutional Revolution, the Iranian old urban system had been af fected by economic and political factors. Regional, economic factors, in turn, were depended on agricultural production surplus. After the revolution, the f ormation of the modern state (headed by Reza Shah) in iran gave rise to cha nges in the old urban system. The modern state staged these political and eco nomic reforms. On one hand, the establishment of modern political and bure aucratic system, educational system, banks, modern army, and manufactured industries; and on the other hand, the increase in national surplus due to incr ease in oil revenues and formation of the government Os big monopolies, and disbursement of current and construction budget. This paper discusses these reforms which have developed and centralized the urban system. The conc1u sion is that the modern state has played a significant role in the development and centralization of the modern period.

One of the major urban development policies is the intervention plans in urb an old sites. these plans can be analysed from social, cultural, economic, environment, and physical aspects. When the structure of many Iranian cities (example of sanandaj) are in consistence with the historical, cultural and social values of the country, integrated and comprehensive policies have been neglected. Imposing an inappropriate circulation pattern or network on an organi c urban old site is a principle problem of urban plans (comprehensive and detailed plans) in sanandaj. The Sanandaj city, the centre of Kurdistan province, have been many variation and evolutions through the late 40 years, which this variations have been appear in a forms of inner urban Physical Development. This article analysed and studied of intervention policies in urban old site s example rupture of Neighborhood organisation, alteration of designation, f unction and urban framework, comparison of historic and city derelict textures with city new textures (identity, facility).

Population growth, urbanisation and the gap between living standards in urban centres and countryside mean that rural-urban interactions and linkages play an increasingly important role in local economies and in the livelihoods of large numbers of people. Though policy makers and researchers are increasingly acknowledging the potential role of rural-urban relations and linkages play in alleviating inequality between rural and urban environments, still research and policy discussion surrounding the matter have been unfortunately hampered by oversimplification of these issues. It added by the failure to adequately define fundamental terminology involved in these issues. So, the both terms relations and linkages are used frequently in the literature an d in policy discussions, yet definitions are largely situational and case specific. The y provide little basis for a unified understanding of what constitutes these relations a nd linkages.The rural-urban linkages are characterized by a series of flows, like people, technology, goods, capital, natural resources, and information. Each of these flows has multiple components and impacts, feature different spatial and temporal linkages, and thus need adequate policies. Thus, flows and linkages exist between all rural and urban areas, but their scale and strength are determined by the nature of economic, social and cultural transformations. These can be divided further into three broad categories: the global, the national and the local levels. Moreover, there is an increasing percept ion that rural, periurban, and urban environments operate as a system rather than independently and that rural development and urban planning are necessarily linked activities. In fact, the notion is that activities or interventions in one area have consequences in the other, often negative. On the other hand, creative policies can turn liabilities into resources and bridge the rural-urban divide.

This paper reports on a study which investigated determining the humidity sources of the southern coast of Caspian Sea. The average daily precipitation, specific humidity, wind vector and pressure patterns were precisely analyzed in the level of 1000, 850, 700 and 500 hp. the length of statistical period was 8 years (1996-2003) and the number of station studied was 7. The humidity sources and their role in providing the humidity of monthly, seasonal and annual precipitation of the southern coast of Caspian Sea were determined. In addition to the confirmation of the results of the previous studies on the effects of Caspian sea, Mediterranean sea and black sea on the precipitation of the north of Iran, the findings of the results study shows two other effective humidity sources- the red sea and the southern sources (Oman sea and Arabian sea). In providing the humidity of the annual precipitation of the southern coast of Caspian Sea the red sea comes after Caspian sea and higher than Mediterranean sea and Black sea. In severe precipitation red sea and southern sources provide more humidity than Mediterranean Sea and-Black Sea.

It is evidence that universe is a place to practice of the world's forces today.During the last decades the world has experienced many theories, and global ization is one of the most important of them. Globalization means looking at the world's culture, communication, development, and information together with each other inside a boundary. There are three reasons which globalization has a close connection with geography and city: Globalization is a landscape for historical geography, Globalization is landscape for communication, Geography is in the same direction of globalization and vise versa.One of the important issues today with regard to globalization is fast development of the urbanization. Many of the metropolitans and mega cities in the world have direct impact on globalization today. Therefore; it is necessary to consider globalization as a culture which has impact on the communication and structure of the cities with different operations and actions.

Although the task of making the real world simulated is very difficult, but simulation models have shown their important and key role for evaluating the dynamics systems. In this paper, a spatial simulation model based on cellular automata model is proposed. Cells, States, neighborhoods and transition rule s for each cell have been defined and flood simulator software has been developed. Based on the above definitions and in a grid-based environment of bas in, after the calculation of the amount of water in each cell, the model runs to find out the flood prone areas. The actual flooded areas of Golestan province which were derived from in-situ GPS measurements and IRS and TM satellite data, were tested against the model derived flooded areas. The results of this test were encouraging. The model used for simulating the probable flood prone areas of Talar basin, which is the other basin in the north of Iran and the flooded maps are prepared.The results demonstrate that the correlation between the actual flood prone a reas and the simulated areas based on cellular automata model is moor using Moore neighborhood than Von Neumann neighborhood. Comparing the res ults of this model with mathematical model of flood prone areas simulation was also promising with respect to accuracy and time.