Journal of Poetry Studies (Boostan Adab)
Year:2010 | Volume:2 | Issue:3 (59/1)|Papers Count:14

According to the mystic viewpoint and the intuitionist insight, human essence, which is a bright essence, after descending from holiness world and captivity in the darkness of body, looks for an opportunity to come back to his ultra foundation and real home, or ascension from the nadir of essence to apogee of the polarity of the bright being.On its path, the essence passes from the west of perceptible things to the eighth district and finally reaches the town of the soul, that is, the east of the eternal truth. In different phases of this journey, one can draw the width and the length of a kind of mystical geography.

The formation of the specific language of mysticism, especially in Qur'anic interpretations, is rooted in the Qur'an. Many of the concepts of the Qur'an are expressed in the form of allegories, which make them easier for the reader to understand. Mystical icommentaries have used allegorical forms in the interpretation of Qur'anic stories. The story of Joseph has many mystical aspects and books such as Jame al- Sattein, Hadaeq al-Haqayeq, Kashf al-Arvah, Anis al-Morideen and Shams al-Majaleseen are devoted to this story. In interpretations such as Kashf al-Asrar, Tafseer-e Qur'an al-Kareem, ascribed to Ibn-e Arabi and some other mystical books Joseph's story is either interpreted in detail or part of the concepts are discussed. Mystical interpretations of these commentaries consist of words and concepts, characters and events of the story of Joseph. Some of these events are mentioned in the Qur'an and some are only mentioned in commentaries. These events are the background to the allegories in which the elements of the event parallel the allegorical elements. This paper first compares and analyzes some mystical interpretations of words and concepts of the Qur'an in commentaries. Then some of the most important interpretations on characters and events are discussed.

The basic issue dealt with in this article is to analyze the relationship between the characters in Leyli & Majnoon by using Greimas’s Actant Theory. In Nezami’s narrative we found the six actants that Greimas has mentioned including giver, receiver, helper, subject, objective and opponent.The results of the study indicate that in this story, the giver is love, which is an abstract concept, not an objective character; the receiver is Leyli & Majnoon; the subject is first Majnoon, and then Leyli; the objective is the reunion of Leyli & Majnoon; the helper is Majnoon’s relatives; and the opponent, Leyli’s father and then Eb al-salaam. The study further shows that Greimas’s Theory can be used for the analysis of the relationships between the characters in Nezami’s Leyli & Majnoon. This pattern can be used to show the interaction of characters, their functions in creating a narrative work, and the existence of some of the characteristics that Greimas has mentioned for the folkloric stories, such as the hero being both the subject and the receiver. In this story, subject has been stated and depicted in such a way that it corresponds to both Leyli and Majnoon; at the same time, these two characters are the receivers, too.

The aim of investigating literary texts, in addition to obtaining a profound understanding of such texts and the aim of those who have created them, is improving our knowledge about their influencing factors (social, cultural, political, economic, interpersonal, and internal or psychological factors). This is indicative of the increasing value of the texts of literature. Many researches adopt a psychodynamic approach to the inquiry of the literature. In Persian literature, the majority of the studies of this kind have been done based on Jung's approach. However, the psychoanalytic inquiry of literature addresses a wider scope of clinical findings of psychoanalysts.The current research focuses on a psychodynamic investigation of Golestan of Sa’adi, as a famous Persian literary text, from a different perspective. Given the difficult task of conducting a psychoanalytic investigation on a large portion of Golestan in one article, only some selected parts of this masterpiece have been analyzed. The results of the study show the influence of the unconscious factors and the hidden emotional processes throughout the book and indicate the residual of the past conflicts with parents and drives.

One of the theories presented by Carl Gustav Jung, the founder of the analytical psychology, is called the “Archetype of Persona,” in which the concept of “persona” is reflected upon from a special point of view. In Jung’s opinion, man always tries to leave the best possible impression on his surroundings and put himself in harmony with what is expected of him while suppressing his real interests and feelings into his subconscious. Jung calls this phenomenon “Persona”. “Persona” is the role that a society expects of its individuals while they hide their real characters behind this persona. This theory, presented by Jung about less than a century ago, can be studied in terms of blaming behaviors. These are similar behaviors adopted and practiced by Sufis to crusade against impiety and selfishness, which gradually gave way to the creation of a new sect called “Malaamatiyeh” whose fundamental beliefs were not much in odds with other Sufi sects; however, the means picked up by them to achieve their goals differentiated them from the other Sufi sects. With the passing of time some of their beliefs evolved, provoking the othersects and even many Sufis. The present study investigates Jung’s theory of Archetype of Persona with respect to blaming behaviors.

Naturalism is a movement in literature that has been considered as an extremist form of realism. In literature, this school of thought embraces the idea that behavior and thought are the offspring of instinct and natural desires. It is, in fact, a school that believes in the absolute power of nature and rejects the idea that nature is subject to supernatural powers; it explains all the facts and phenomena within a scientific framework. As such, naturalism in literature emphasizes the environmental inheritance and, thus, does not have an idealistic view about life and, whereby, depicts all details of life, in spite of being unpleasant. This literary school entered the domain of literature in Iran through the translations done during the constitutionalist's era (Mashroutiat) and influenced the works of such writers as Sadegh Hedayat, Sadegh Chouback, and Mahmud Dowlat Abadi. This article investigates the effect of naturalism on the works of Sadegh Hedayat.

The special position of Simin Daneshvar in the realm of Short Story, her priority in the scope of feminist literature, and her contribution to developing different levels of these two areas make it urgent to investigate different aspects of her works.Deliberating on Daneshvar's works affirms that she, during her literary activity, by using varied methods and approaches, has advanced the artistic aspects of her stories. The aim of the present study is, hence, to examine the line of development and transformation in "Narrative" and "Viewpoint" in her short stories.The study illustrates the stages Daneshvar has gone through from the first collection of her short stories to the last collection, and how she, by using varied artistic approaches, has managed to advance the viewpoint and the narratives of her stories.

Sohrab Sepehri, the contemporary innovative literary stylist poet, has always employed a symbolic and, at the same time, a peculiar language which is unique by itself. In general, his poem is a symbolic and a poetic description of a kind of mysticism intelligible to common people. Through drawing upon poetic elements, phenomenon, and lexicon, Sepehri has tried to awaken the unconscious nature of his readers and divert their attention to new horizons. Due to his mentalityand also his peculiar understanding of the events, he has had to resortto an unusual and symbolic language based on intuition. In this way, he has achieved a certain kind of aestheticism in his works. Semantic, linguistic, imagery and symbolic defamiliarization can be traced in his poetry. These very peculiarities have made him a different and modern poet in our time. The present paper reviews some aspects of Sepehri's symbolism through exploring his use of words, objects and the living things as perceived through his intuition and mysticism.

Pride is in fact one of literary varieties which can be found both in the verse and in the prose. Different manifestations of honor are evident at different époques, influenced by temporal and local changes. In the introduction of the present study, attempt has been made to investigate the nature of pride, its relationship with personality and one’s perception of oneself, as well as its function as a mental and personality element. Moreover, Hafez's sonnets in which his pride is manifest have been reviewed. The next part of the study deals with a detailed explanation of the dimensions and reasons of Hafez's pride in his speech. Hafiz's magnanimity, which is rooted in the political and social era of the poet, is another striking aspect of Hafez’s pride, which is further discussed in a separate section of the study. The other distinguishing prides such as pride in Rendi, Love, and Beloved form another part of the study. At the end, we make conclusions on the basis of Hafez's various prides, which have individual, social, and critical implications.