Honarhaye Ziba- Honarhaye Memari va SHahrsazi
Year:2013 | Volume:18 | Issue:2|Papers Count:9

between 1941 to 1979 the modern city has been formed. Urban plans are initiated in this period by the establishment of Planning Organization in 1948. Based on such plans, the city experiences a huge expansion. Modern cities like Tehran with more job opportunities and better living conditions became the best place to fulfill the aspirations of the residents of the surrounding towns and villages. As the result, population of such cities increases. The new city turns to be a metropolis that is strange for the inhabitants which include wide range of new social players such as: women, intellectuals and youth. Cities and the experiences of new social players are the main theme of many novels and films in this period. The author sometimes describes the city according to his own point of view and sometimes describes it from the others’ views. Ibrahim Golestan is one of the modern authors during the period 1941 to 1978. He began his career in writing in 1941 and then established Golestan Film studio and started to produce films. He made several documentaries and two films. The documentaries were mostly made under the proposition of oil consortium. Therefore, they portray how oil industry has influenced southern cities form and residents’ way of life. The main Theme of his two films is how modernization has affected people’s life: How money rules in the modern city and how human relationships are affected by money in modern era. He focused on objective and subjective experiences of individuals in the metropolises in his novels and films. The main theme of his stories is the paradox of a society in transition to modernity; the conflict between the old and the new, the rural areas and the city.... The research method in this paper is a heuristic approach, based on the works of Ibrahim Golestan. According to the journal rules for the pages of the essay, there were not enough places to explain and analyze all of Golestan works. Therefore, just specific films and novels has been analyzed. In this essay, Pahlavi era has been dievided in to three parts: first, years between 1941-1954, in these years city is the place for riots, which mostly occurred due to workers’ poor condition of life, The second part is years between1954-1967 which Tehran turned to be a consumer city. Finally, years between1967-1979, in this era, Tehran has became a huge city, far from its traditional form and strange to the residents. Research results, present clear picture of the evolution of cities and urban subjects during the period 1941 to 1978 according to Golestan’s point of view. Results have shown that Golestan believes in modernity and modernization but not an autocratic modernization. He believes that a society will not be modern unless all peoples way of thinking change. Every people must want to be modern, under these conditions a society can be named a modern society.

natural light has a great effect on the health of human beings. Studies on Iranian old houses show that various apertures were used to provide natural light in the interior spaces of the buildings. In the present research attempt has been made to measure the extent to which some of the lightening methods of Iranian traditional architecture have been successful in the provision of interior lightening with respect to the various experiences of Iranian architecture on the provision of interior lightening. Therefore the following research question is formulated: Does the variety of apertures in traditional houses lead to better use of lighting and heating sources in the interior spaces? To answer the question in this article a sample of such houses in Kerman has been chosen, simulated and the amounts of daylight level measurements of selected rooms has been studied. The house has several rooms, one of them with skylight roof (kolah farangy) and the others with door-windows into the yard (seh dari and panj dari). Monitoring has been under the clear sky. The value of the illuminance of the rooms has been measured by photometer and simulators with the aid of Ecotect software (by radiance calculation support). Finally light distribution method, the value of illuminance and heat of the said spaces have been compared and the results were analyzed. The results have shown that the average and the least illuminance values of the room to the west are 154.92 lux and 75.7 lux, the room facing south 4.3 k lux and 157 lux and the room with skylight 266.92 lux and 200 lux respectively. The results from simulators also indicate that 76 % of the area of the rooms facing south needs ancillary light during a year. Only 26 % of the area of the room has appropriate light. It is mainly around midday. Therefore it is suitable for resting and generalaffairs.48 % of the area of the room facing west has appropriate light all over a year.45 % of the area of the room at some hours particularly in the morning and sometimes at noon needs ancillary light during a year. Glare happens at 7 % of the area of the room beside window particularly in the afternoon. There is little even lightening in this room. It is suitable to do general and visual activities only for a short time.83% of the room with skylight has appropriate light all over a year. Only 7% of the room needs ancillary light during a year. Glare is likely to happen for nearly 1 % in this room. The amount of the light evenness is very high. It is completely suitable to do general and visual activities in it. Generally speaking the study of an Iranian traditional house has shown that the variety of apertures in traditional houses has positive effects on the amount of cooling and lighting. It has also been affected by the site location, the building relationship with outer space and its performance.

in recent years, the Decayed urban fabrics identification has become a challenging issue in urban planning society in Iran. The insufficiency of triple indices which had been introduced by the High Council on Urban Planning and Architecture has been criticized by experts several times. In this paper we reconsider the existing urban fabrics identification method and introduce a suitable model and apply it in the urban blocks of an urban neighborhood, Karim Abad in Tehran, thus finalizing the principal factors and variables in identification of the urban decayed fabrics. Research method in this paper is a combination of meta-analysis and using reliable literatures about decayed urban fabrics indicators on the one hand and a data analysis method of secondary data of urban blocks from statistics analysis and GIS (Geographic information system) software on the other hand. Consequently, to reach the specific aims of the study, first, general decayed urban fabrics indicators were extracted from the related literature. Then, by combining some of these indicators and considering the specific conditions of the study area and also checking for the applicability of adopting factor analysis method, nine urban decayed fabrics indicators were used in twenty four blocks of study area. The results of the present study show that the main factors of urban decayed fabrics identification in the study area are respectively, structural vulnerability, economic deterioration, social exclusion and urban poverty. Among these factors, the first and the second ones explain approximately 50 percent of urban decayed fabrics, and commulatively all the three extracted factors explain about 70 percent of urban decayed fabrics. Moreover, the explanation of the relationship between factors introduced in this study and those which had been introduced by the High Council on Urban Planning and Architecture, demonstrates that land cost, renewal rate, and population density are the indicators which respectively have the most connection with the previously introduced indices for identification of the decayed urban fabrics. Based on the studies of Lee and Bourne, which was mentioned in the theoretical framework of this study, application of new economic and social indicators in the process of decayed urban fabric identification is deemed necessary. Therefore, according to expert’s emphases and due to serious criticisms of the indicators used for the identification of decayed urban fabrics in Iran, in this paper, a new approach for identification of decayed urban fabrics with the application of social and economic indicators in the sample community is developed. Our findings show that the applied 9 soci-economic as well as physical indicators in 24 urban blocks of the case study, show that besides the criteria’s adopted by the High Council on Urban Planning and Architecture, the most important factors for identification of decayed urban fabrics are respectively, structural vulnerability, economic deterioration, social exclusion and urban poverty. Moreover, the explanation of the relation between factors introduced in this study and those which had been introduced by the High Council on Urban Planning and Architecture show that land cost, renewal rate, and population density, are the indicators which respectively have the most connection with the previously introduced indicators.

the Quasi-Periodic Order is a type of geometrical order in universe which is observed in the structure of quasi-crystals. This order was first introduced in mathematics in 1973 by Roger Penrose and then discovered in quasi-crystals in 1984 while spreading in mathematics, chemistry and physics. The paper professor James Lu et al published in science magazine in 2007 illustrated that Iranians were familiar with the Decagonal Quasi-Periodic Order and used it in the structure of Shah gireh from Teymourid period on. In this paper, we aim to prove that Iranian architects were familiar with both Decagonal Quasi-Periodic Order and Octagonal Quasi-Periodic Order. Patkaneh is an element emerged from history and culture of Iran-Islam and is the product of Iranian squinch development. The researchers such as Besenval have related the application of squinch in Sarvestan palace as the mother of all Chapires (Transitional region between square room and dome) in Islamic Architecture. Gradually, repeating squinch on top of each other in different buildings brought about Patkaneh and outstanding samples were formed. By patkaneh, we mean a type of muqarnas which has the self-static property (yet there are some decoration samples) and its geometry is based on a plan of square or rhombus of 45°. It seems that the common style of muqarnas to Ilkhani period is what we name patkaneh, following Pirnia. To prove the existence of Quasi-Periodic Order in the structure of Patkaneh, we investigate the case in three levels. The first contains the similar repeated units with the Octagonal Quasi-Periodic Order structure. The second is related to the Quasi-Periodic Order in central core and the third is pertained to the development based on principle of Quasi-Periodic Order. The studies show that Patkaneh has an Octagonal Quasi-Periodic Order in its central core and has capability to grow based on Quasi-Periodic Order. Despite existence of these two features, the studies of the third level of similarities make us conclude that; first, most patkanehs have four-axial symmetry in their developed structure which is in contradiction with the principles of Quasi-Periodic Order, Second, the existence of hybrid elements in the developed structure of patkaneh is as ignoring the principles of Quasi-Periodic Order. Totally, patkanehs do not follow the principles of Quasi-Periodic Order in their development. Therefore, the findings are: The first is the proof of Quasi-Periodic Order in the structure of central core of patkaneh. It is claimed that Iranians were familiar with the principles of Octagonal Quasi-Periodic Order which extends the claim of professor Lu to Ilkhanid era. The second is illustrating the capability of patkaneh in the change of the Octagonal symmetry of central core to the four-axial symmetry in the surrounding context. This combines two geometrical systems in Iranian architecture. The first system is a geometrical system based on subscale structure of nature appearing as Octagonal central core of patkaneh. The second system is a functional geometric system in architectural plan causing the space geometries to become square or rectangle. Therefore, the geometry dominating patkaneh has the capabilities to combine these two systems.

man has a social life and during his life he establishes the most important social institution which is known as a family. This social institution, the family, evokes the architecture of a house. The formation of the house as a family behavioral setting is related to the social behavior, also culture and ethics of the members of the family. More than 90% of the buildings in most traditional cities are residences. In other words, the main landscape of traditional towns has formed with architecture of houses. Therefore, it is important to design appropriate houses in the traditional textures of the cities. Designers should avoid damaging the historical perspective and the valuable traditional textures of our cities. In most cases, a large amount of investments for developing cities belongs to housing projects. Accuracy at the precautionary measurements in housing design could prevent the waste of resources and improve the results of construction phase. Compliance with climate characteristics and design issues could bring many advantages for such projects. Sustainable architecture, for example, reduces the energy consumption and energy costs. New construction in most historical cities of Iran suffers from the lack of attention to the most basic climatic and/or social issues in design. Today, the main problem in the old cities of Iran is the erosion and destruction of the traditional architecture and the city context. In fact, there is no authority to preserve and/or maintain the traditional architecture and valuable urban context. Furthermore, there has been no attempt made for harmonizing traditional Iranian architecture with today’s lifestyle! The consequence of neglecting the values of the traditional architecture has been the threat to lose the identity of traditional architecture and urban textures. Many outlandish buildings arise daily in these cities with no relation to their contextual settings. These new buildings are disproportionate with cultural and sustainable values of traditional architecture. In the modern era, one of the necessities of our architecture is to understand and apply the great lessons of the old authentic architecture of our historical cities. Restoration of historical contexts and preserving the valuable traditional values of the cities should gain a public and governmental respect. In order to defend our cities against the inappropriate forms and materials of modern architecture, we should return to the strong values and meaningful lifestyle of the past. For achieve this purpose, we should rehabilitate and upgrade the valuable traditional architecture of our country. This article takes a close look at the traditional Iranian architecture and it examines the design of a residential complex in the historic context of the city of Qom. It demonstrates the possibility of preserving traditional design criteria along with providing appropriate design solutions for the new lifestyle of today. It is an attempt to fill in the gap between the identities of the Iranian architecture with today’s modern lifestyle.

considering the dominance of public open space use, over the use of private open space of single-family housing, in large cities in Iran, an important issue in programming for designing open spaces of residential complexes is to facilitate the appropriate development of the children in open spaces. The present paper attempts to provide a flexible framework for tackling the challenge of the children interaction with place and converging the place-oriented and psychological approaches. The key question in the present research, therefore, is under what framework the environmental (objective) and psychological (subjective) drivers are balanced in order to enhance the children interaction with place in outdoor spaces of residential complexes. To answer the research question, first, a survey of the existing literature is conducted in the areas of the interactive behavior of children and place inquiry. The objective of this survey is to examine and analyze the existing concepts and theories in the field and use the results to found a basis for constructing the theoretical model for "Children interaction with place in outdoors of residential complexes" and to develop a foundation for analytical framework of the present paper. Then, in order to control and refine the theoretical framework and the influencing factors and indicators, a mixed-method research (qualitative-quantitative) is applied to examine and analyze the proposed framework in five residential complexes in Tabriz, Iran, selected to represent the three different typologies (linear, standing and periphery block) based on a systematic methodology. Finally, the connection between theoretical and empirical findings is examined and interpreted based on the results of previous stages of the research. The final research outcome of this project is a theoretical and analytical framework for "Children interaction with place in outdoor spaces of residential complexes". Validating this theoretical framework in various block typologies of residential complexes, the research findings demonstrate a relatively identical pattern in correlation of environmental drivers with interactive drivers in appropriate places of two linear and standing blocks typology. This takes a different form in periphery block typology. It means non-physical drivers; possess more correlation with interactive drivers in appropriate places of two linear and standing blocks typology. In appropriate places of periphery block typology, however, physical drivers demonstrate more correlation with interactive drivers. Moreover, the research findings show an identical pattern, in inappropriate places of all block typologies, in correlation of environmental drivers with interactive drivers. That is, non-physical drivers have more correlation with interactive ones. Therefore, in open space of residential complexes, the children interaction with daily life environment, and subsequently with place, is enhanced when a balance is established between environmental and psychological drivers. The theoretical and analytical framework of this dissertation has the potential to be used at macro-scale by environmental policy-makers and planners to achieve appropriate policies and strategies, at medium scale by executive managers to find the appropriate executive methods, and at micro-scale by designers to provide appropriate design for enhancement of child-place interaction in the realm of residential settings.

all over the world, the growing trend in depletion of energy resource and fuel costs make a large scale-effort to reduce energy consumption; Moreover, a major portion of energy use, about 40% belongs to building sector in heating, cooling and ventilation. Designed various methodologies to reduce total energy use in buildings can help to implement energy-efficiency conservation programmer to gain the highest saving results in construction part. Air ventilation is necessary for removing or depleting pollution. This ventilation can be supplied through solar chimney as a passive strategy. Solar chimney works as a simple and practical idea to enhance natural ventilation in adjacent space. Heat transferring in solar chimney is through convection and the driving force is buoyancy force. The solar energy absorbed by chimney causes the air larger between two parallel planes of chimney to be heated so that the air of space in which the chimney entrance is located is sucked in. Therefore, the breeze inside the space lets the fresh air enter the space through window. Solar chimney is employed in vertical or angled position. But the commonest design of solar chimney for ventilation is in vertical form. Applications of solar chimney have attracted many researchers to the issue to discover the most influential parameters. Many researchers have analyzed the application of solar chimneys in different configuration, in natural ventilation improvement. The following paper intends to study on impact of applying solar chimney in air ventilation of adjacent compartments in hot and dry climate on Isfahan. Since solar chimney is not a common element in building design, there is no access to a practical model to study on, so computer simulation method is selected as an alternative method to reach on. The final result is concluded from the simulation models of various solar chimney applied to an office building through energy plus software ver.5 was used for simulation which is an independent simulation engine used to model energy values without any graphic medium so the models are simulated in Ecotect software as graphic medium and then the model geometry is transferred to energy plus software to be calculated. Different models compared together based on different solar chimney by different dimensions. Data recorded included air flow rate and air outlet temperature. The results show the optimum width by the relationship H/11 where H is the chimney height (2m width for 22m height of solar chimney). Two design configurations were considered: the first is a tall solar chimney attached to each floor and the second, solar chimney is attached to only one floor witch air flow rate in second model is more than the first one. Furthermore, the other models with a number of different floors were compared while the area of the solar chimney with optimal dimension spaces (on each floor and with a number of different distance from top of solar chimney) providing required air change is expressed. The maximum air changes occur in seventh floor which is in minimum distance from solar chimney air outlet.

available approach of urban plans about "the village-based urban tissues" is perpetrating plans as "worn-out urban tissues or urban decays". In this approach, the strategic position of these tissues as the urban sustainable development opportunities be ignored and practically try to remove or reduce the urban wear. Attention to rural-urban tissues as an opportunity to create sustainable urban settlements; is essential to make the process of this conversion clarified. The first step in order to create sustainable urban settlements in rural-urban tissues is vision-making for these urban tissues. Attention to these rural-urban tissues and being new more than urban cores and Subsequently few studies in the field of rural-urban tissues against done researches about history of morphing, growth and typology of historical cities and even modern ones, indicate the importance of recent research. Given the physical and human characteristics of each presented types and theirs relation with metropolis, ideas according to values of each type, consider as the base applying in rural-urban vision. These ideas will come from two main sources: First: ideas of rural-urban tissues vision-making can be extracted from cities renewal organizational visions during different times such as: 1- increasing the efficiency of urban management, 2- Distinctive aspects of urban governance, 3- guiding and controlling through local policies, 4- broad governance and participation of metropolises which regularly is generalized from metropolis vision to rural-urban as a whole. Second: ideas of vision-making can be based on rural-urban identical characteristics and in a Part to the whole way be interacted to its metropolis. As an example of used ideas in rural-urban development vision-making with this method, enhancing the potentials to maintain regional balance in urban settlements, ecological ideas based on rejecting modernist aesthetic and also economic policies for urban development, even ideas base on residents’ humanistic characteristic can be noted. Mentioning these ideas is to integrating villages in the urban tissues suitably. This integration is in order to improve urban development while using the strength point of villages. Making enriched and targeted rural-urbans visions proportional to related type will be in unity with theirs urban context. In this research offered theoretical framework, practically will provided intellectual framework in the renaissance topic of rural-urban tissues due to the limitation of done researches in the rural-urban tissues studies. Developing renaissance theory of rural-urban tissues with the various approaches will bring require context for revitalization of these tissues. The result of suggested renaissances will be turning points in the twofold of city and village. In the other word, each of offered vision can be primary idea to create new settlement where containing advantage of village and city in order to coexistence of village and city and accordance with the era need. Vision-making for a rural-urban tissue can be considered as equal as planning for urban development; because future of a rural-urban tissue will be destiny of future city’s tissue. This point, prove the Necessity of attention to rural-urban vision-making. These tissues like as component of a whole will contribute to the unification of the urban complex, make urban tissue diverse and create identical sphere with this approach.