TARIKH WA TAMADDUN-I ISLAMI
Year:2012 | Volume:8 | Issue:15|Papers Count:11

Discussing and presenting the views about the personality of Imam Hussain and his rising and martyrdom, one will come across the story of a woman who was loved by Yazid. So, Muawiya, deceived the woman's husband to divorce her in order to marry his son. When the messenger of Muawiya was on his way to propose her for Yazid, Imam Hussain also asked him to question if she is willing to accept his offer for marriage. The woman preferred Imam Hussain. After a while, without marrying her, Imam Hussain sent back the woman to her husband and said that his aim was protection of his wife. Consequently, the purpose of Yazid was not fulfilled. In some cases the importance of this history has been related to the rise and martyrdom of Imam Hussain. In this article various historical reports are reconsidered and try to evidence the fact.

Among many studies on the history of Imamiya, less attention has been paid to the discourse of Tafwid and Mufawwida. However there are some studies which examined this issue, they investigated Tafwid only in a polemical framework and study of Tafwid and related issues in a historical context did not accorded. This paper discusses the formation history of Tafwid discourse and its evolution in the 2nd century AH. Investigating this discourse at the beginning of the 2nd century demonstrates that it did not related to the Ghuluw at the time, while it was used for issues related to djabr and Tafwid (predestination) during the -adiIayn lifetimes. Although before the late 2nd century Ghulat was held Tafwid notions, but author shows that the formation of Tafwid discourse was not in that time and it was emerging as discourse and found a social identity at the late 2nd century AH. In this paper we also continue to investigate the causes that led the Circle of Mufaddal to be charged with Tafwid or in some cases called Mufawwida.

The “common link” in isnads of traditions has been identified by Western scholars for a long time. They have interpreted that differently in their studies and used it for dating traditions. This article answers the question, whether early Muslim traditionists, were familiar with this phenomenon and also which technical Hadith terms are coined for explaining different features of traditions and their transmitters related to common link. Review of early Hadith works reveals that the technical terms such as “gharib” and “fard” are coined and used concerning some aspects of the same phenomenon. Furthermore, it identifies that “madar” is equivalent with the Western term “common link”. Finally, examining how early traditionists dealt with this phenomenon, this paper clarifies that the difference between Western and Muslims scholars’ understanding and interpretation of this phenomenon, is rooted in their different approaches to the validity of Ḥadith and their method in criticizing the traditions.

Whereas most Islamic sects throughout history had conflicts and disputes with each other, these discords were most significant among Shia and Sunni. Baghdad as the Capital of Abbasid Caliphate was the rallying point for Shi’as and Hanbalites -as a radical Sunni branch-as well. After the collapse of Buyid Dynasty during which Shias promoted in Baghdad, Sunni Siljuks came to power. 0anbalites with long held enmity toward Shias grasped the opportunity and pushed them into a corner and disputes peaked. In present paper ups and downs of disputes between these two sects in Baghdad in Siljuks Dynasty has been addressed.

Very little is known about the music under the Siljuks. This was possibly due to the nature of the music itself, which unlike some monuments, metal works and other handcrafts, and also poets’ collections, has gone forever, and also in the Siljuks era (maybe as a result of wars and various displacements), it was not usual to write treatise on music. However, there are some reports and signs of music in the written sources that show Siljuks courts supported some of the prominent musicians. There are also the treatises which have been written on music during this era; for example, Khayyam’s music treatise, Muhammad Nishaburi’s treatise and the Jami’ al-Ulum’s section on music (chapter 48). On the basis of these sources, the music of this age is divided into Bazmi (lyrical) and Razmi (epical). Some musical instruments used in Bazmi music are Rubab, Chaghana, Chang (Lyre), Sinj (cymbal), Tanbur, Ney, Rud, Barbat, Ud (lute), Mizhar and Daf. And the musical instruments played in Razmi music are Tabl (drum), Kus, Burw-i Parang and Nafir that the two last ones are attributed to AlbArsalan. It is supposed that Khurasan’s 12 notes system were received to Byzantine and Baghdad by the extension of dominion of Siljuks from East to West.

The paper presents a critical review of the iterative process used by Shams al-Din Muhammad al-Wabkanawi (Iran, Maragha, ca. 1260–1320) in order to compute the parameters of the annular solar eclipse of 30 January 1283 from the solar and lunar parameters obtained by Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi (Maragha 1260–1274). Due to the impossibility of the annular eclipse in the Ptolemaic tradition, the position of this prediction in the context of medieval astronomy shall also be shortly discussed. Furthermore, since Wabkanawi calls his observation as an evidence for the correctness of his prediction, the computed results have been compared with the true modern data, which established a remarkable agreement between them.

The Marinids were at the peak of power in the reigns of Abu Al-Hassan(rule:1331-1349 A.D.) and Abu Inan (rule:1349-1358 A.D.) during which their political dominance extended not only over the Maghrib Al –AIsa (Far West) as their former seat of government, but also over the middle and near West and even to some parts of Andalusia. The Marinids’ dominance over the Mediterranean long coasts promoted the situation of Morocco in this era as a gateway to Europe and Africa and led toward the conclusion of several treaties between Muslims and Christians in the light of their common interests and with the purpose of expansion of trade in the Mediterranean Sea. The rulers of Mallorca, the Italian ports of Venice, Genoa, Pisa and finally, the Government of Aragon concluded separate trade treaties with Muslims. They aimed to supply raw materials and public necessities. Studies on these treaties show that when Muslims were powerful, their Christian trade allies had to accept their conditions and abide by their obligations, while the situation reversed, the contents of treaties changed prejudicially in favor of the Christians.

Hassan ibn Zahed Gharib Kermani was a Persian Muslim alchemist, lived in first half of the 8th century. In the period of Abu-Sa`id Bahadur of Mongol Ilkhanate dynasty in Iran, Ibn Zahed travelled in 723 A.H. to India, where he was supported by Sultan Mohammad ibn Tughluq, the second king of the Tughlaq dynasty of India, and then his alchemical books were dedicated to the king. His first book, Miftah al-romuz is an authentic book that deals with the fundamentals of Alchemy, covering 6 chapters and 31 parts. Two other Farsi books are left by him and unfortunately not well-known: Mighlad al-konuz which explains alchemical processes, tools and equipments used in alchemy and Muntakhab (a selection) of Miftah al-romuz which is an independent treatise, however, more or less, is similar to Miftah al-romuz.

Barthelemy d'Herbelot de Molainville was a French Orientalist. He had a great impact on the development of Orientalism in France and also he was the author of “BibliothEque Orientale = Oriental Library” which was, for a while, the only reference book for western orientalists. However, it was influenced by some political events such as the Ottomans attack to Europe. The author was related to the courts of Florence and Paris and also supported by the politicians like Jean- Baptiste Colbert. He was also teaching in Royal College (later college de France).So, the book was written with superficial approaches and political aims. Despite the important position of Herbelot in oriental studies and related fields, today, his character and book Oriental Library is not well known for the Orientalists and especially for Iranian studies researchers. Therefore, this paper tries to reflect a clear picture of his character and position in Orientalism. Giving a short biography, short description of his life, the way of writing Oriental Library, the methods and approaches of its author and the influence of the book on western scholars and Orientalists will be discussed in the present paper.