LITERARY CRITICISM
Year:2020 | Volume:12 | Issue:48 |Papers Count:7

Emerson was the first American poet who introduced Rumi to American literary circles in the early 19th-century. After Emerson other American Transcendentalists e. g. Thoreau, Longfellow, Whitman began to study Persian mystical poetry especialy Rumi's poems. in 20th-century translators and poets like Martin, Duncan, Mervin, and Bly tried to re-intriduce Rumi to Amerian people. later, at the the early of 1980s Barks with the aid of Moyne, and based on Arberry and Nicholson scholarly translations tried his hand at re-translations of Rumi's poems. witout doubt, Barks renderings or re-translations made Rumi a very popular poet in America. In the present study the researcher tries to, on the basis of interdisciplinary studies, e. Cl and TS, investigate the reception of Rumi's poems, esp. Barks translations in America. Clearly, reception does not happen in a vaccume. liteary, cultural, social postions play a majoe rule. Rumi's reception in America revolvols on two sets of factors. The first series are related to the source text and the authour and the second series are concerned with the target text, transaltor, and the zeitgeist. One can refer to to the Rumi's universal and elegant themes and subjects, uncommom and bizare images and pictures on the one hand and factors like suitable room for eastern mysticisms, the selection of free verse for re-translation, and defamiliarizing Islam on the other hand.

Finding similarities and differences in historical and literary writing may be defined in the interdisciplinary studies. In this research, the narrative aspects of killing places in Ashura were analyzed from viewpoint of Gerard Genette's narrative time. The object of study is Holy Ghasem. The research has descriptive-analytical method, and the following items are the considerable results of research: (1) in the field of phenomena order, non-accredited historical phenomena include the most part of Anachronies mentioned in semi-narrative killing places (historical-fictional). The most different type of anachrony is mentioned in Moharegh Algholoub which is non-diegetic traditionally remained in today eulogies; (2) in the field of phenomena duration, the most part of narrative decelerations is non-accredited historical phenomena which is the product of literary processing in word; another method of narration prorogation is the mixture of poetry and prose; then the description of details of some phenomena including accredited and non-accredited has reduced the acceleration of narration. The most dramatic scenes are mainly related to the fight scenes; (3) in the field of phenomena frequency, the most repetitive frequency is the integrated product of poetry and prose which is the repetition of prose in poetry.

Each architectural element, in a building, is designed and built for a specific purpose. Using these elements in the usual way will create comfort for users. In The Trial, Kafka tries to express his ideas with paradoxical uses of these architectural elements and with an expressionist view. The first point that appears is the concept of contradiction. In this regard, in the world of The Trial, even the window, the wall, the stairs and other elements have lost their usual uses. Another concept that Kafka expresses with the help of these components, is the concept of alienation and loneliness, which is seen in allover The Trial. It seems these architectural elements are built for others and these common uses will be lost for Josef K. in front of the others. This alienation is a reminder of various aspects of Kafka's personal life. The last but not least concept that Kafka expresses with the help of the architectural elements is being subordination that, with disappearance of the private space of Joseph K. 's life, it becomes more apparent.

9/11 attacks has turned “ fundamentalism” to one of the most used words in the media, and among intellectuals around the world, especially in the West. Many books have been written to investigate the probable reasons of the emergence of the phenomenon. Literature, and specifically fiction, has also abundantly contributed to the discussions about fundamentalism. Mohsin Hamid, the well-known Pakistani writer, in his novel The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007) treated fundamentalism from a new perspective. The present article will first discuss the famous theoretical books written about fundamentalism, then through applying them to The Reluctant Fundamentalist, will try to suggest the ways Hamid has meaningfully contributed to the discussion. The article will try to show that how The Reluctant Fundamentalist has challenged both the public, state, and even the elite views about fundamentalism and especially “ Islamic fundamentalism.

Antoin Sevruguin is an artist and photographer of the Qajar periodical that, despite having the king's attention and interest, could demonstrate a critical perspective, appeal and protest of the conscious and protesting class of the society, by displaying a subject in different strata of society through the camera. Lucien Goldmann, a structuralist sociologist and theorist, used this method in his innovative approach called "genetic structuralism". Therefore, finding the worldview of its work and its relation to a social class is the basis of the genetic structuralism. The library and documentary data collection method is used in this study. In this discourse, the researcher has attempted to find the hidden worldview of the works by using the genetic structuralism and link it to the influential social group and examine the relationship between them. In the following, using the components within the works and the meaningful structure of society, he answers the following question: What is the role of different classes in shaping the forms and themes of Qajar period photography? The results indicate that there is a dialectical relationship between the artwork and the class. Antoin Sevruguin in all his works used themes and concepts such as class differences, presentation of Shah's power and superiority, considering people inferior, misogyny in society, Western influence, ignorance and negligence, humor and disorder in the community, along with the role of the protest class in informing the people.

Studies of the reception of a writer in another culture primarily deal with the translation of the works into the target language. Such studies usually ignore the translation of the writer’ s image. The present essay focuses on the translation of Walt Whitman’ s image into a contemporary Iranian context. In this study, “ image” refers both to visual representations, such as pictures or photographs, and the mental conceptions held in common by members of a group, such as is the subject of imagology.