JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY SCIENCE
Year:2011 | Volume:5 | Issue:2 (SERIES NO. 17)|Papers Count:12

Brucellosis is an infectious disease that is caused by members of speciesBrucella. These are small, aerobic, facultative intracellular, Gram-negative coccobacilli. The species of Brucellaare Br.abortus, Br.melitensis, Br.suis and Br.ovis. The Brucella may enter the body through digestive tract, lung or mucosal layer and intact skin. Brucellosis causes appreciable economic losses in livestock industry because of abortions, decreased milk production, sterility and veterinary care and treatment costs.In this study the prevalence and incidence of brucellosis were investigated in cattles and sheeps in the Amol city slaughterhouse. In order to this, a total of 160 serum samples of cattle and 160 serum samples of sheep, were examined for Brucella antibodies by Rosebengal test, Standard tube agglutination test (STAT) and 2- Mercaptoethanol test (2ME). Out of these 320 sera, Rosebengal test recorded 16 (5%) positive. These Rosebengal positive samples were subjected to STAT and 2ME.13 (4.06%) samples were positive for IgG+IgM with STAT, Rosebengal test showed 3 (0.937%) false positive, IgG detected in 10 (3.125%) samples by 2ME method. Then the prevalence and incidence of brucellosis in Amol city were 4.06%, 0.937% respectively. By determining of relationship between brucellosis and age and sex, has meaningful relationship with sex in both cattle and sheep and age only in sheep but has not meaningful relationship with age in cattle.

In this research batch fermentation for Propionic acid production byPropionibacterium acidopropioniciwith glucose and glycerol (30 g/l at pH=6.5 and temperature 32oC) in anaerobic condition was studied. In all cases the major fermentation end product were propionic acid and acetic acid as the by product. Evidence showed that product efficiency with glycerol as the main sole source of carbon and energy was greater in compare with glucose (0.55 g/lh) was observed. Also by product contents was decreased to 21.6% with glycerol in compare to glucose. These may be due to bacterial tendency to homo-propionic acid production and typical bacterial pattern of no associated glycerol consumption product formation.

The study was carried out to evaluate the effects of varying stocking densities on the growth performance and nutrition indices on Huso huso fingerlings during the acclimation to the formulated diet. This study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase of study, 252 Huso huso with the mean weight of 3.3±1.9 g (Mean±SD) were stocked in two different conditions (fresh water and brackish water) at three different stocking densities. The stocking densities were 150 (n=42), 250 (n=78) and 450 (n=132) g/m2 in the first phase. In the second phase of experiment, 522 Huso huso (5.9±1.1 g) (Mean±SD) were reared at 500 (n=84), 1000 (n=168) and 1500 (n=270) g/m2 stocking densities. The adaptation period to the formulated diet was 20 days. Results showed that the highest growth was recorded in H. huso stocked at 1000 g m-2 in brackish water which was significantly higher (P<0.5) than that recorded in freshwater suggesting the advantage of rearing H. huso in brackish water at improved density of 1000 g m-2. Results obtained from total length in juvenile H. huso conform to these results. Low specific growth rate (SGR) was reported with a stocking density of 1500 g m-2 in freshwater which was not significantly different from that in brackish water. Hence rearing juvenile H. huso in brackish water at high densities (1500 g m-2) is preferred to rearing in freshwater as H. huso is more capable of adapting to stressful conditions of stocking density in brackish water. Similar trends were observed for percentage body weight increase (BWI%) showing the advantage of using a stocking density of 1000 g m-2 in brackish water. According to the results of this study, Huso huso with a mean weight of 3-5 g can feed on dry formulated diet completely during a period of 20 days.

Genetic diversity of Neogobios gorlap poplution were examined on 100 samples from regions in southern of the Caspian Sea (Mazandaran and Golestan regions). Genomic DNA was extracted from fin tissue by phenol-chlorophorm method. PCR was performed using microsatellite primers. The PCR products of samples were accompanied with standard marker (50 bp lader). To measure fragment size samples were run on a 8% polyacrylamid gel. Allel count and frequency, the effective and real allel, expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity, genetic diversity, shannon Information index, genetic identity and genetic distance, F ST, RST, gene flow and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium based on Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) were caculated using the Gene Alex software. The mean of observed and effective allel number was 12.41 and 8.02 respectively and also the mean of observed and expected heterozygosity was 0.695 and 0.845 respectively. It was also seen that specimens from all regions (exception locus NG71, NG111 and NG215 in Golestan region) were not in Hardy- Weinberg Equibrium in all of the loci (P<0.001). Bassed on Analysis of Molcular Variance (AMOVA)F ST was 0.028 between Golestan and Mazandaran regions. Also Nm was 8.726 between Golestan and Mazandaran regions. Genetic distance was 0.354 between specimens from Mazandaran and Golestan regions. As result, there is a significant genetic divergence between some of samples (P<0.01). Therefore, two genetic group of Neogobios gorlapwere identified in Southern part of the Caspian Sea (Mazandaran and Golestan regions).

Molecular ecobiology of fungi is important and of value in taxonomic-diagnostic laboratory regulations. Respecting to public health docility and to determine fungai of the northern states and to introduce isolates correct situations based on protein patterns, the areas were samplified, colonies identified using ICPA and CBS rules. Cellular concentrates were conducted by protein SDS–Page electrophoretic techniques. Finally significant species-specific protein patterns were obtained in a comparative table which affirmed the morphologic findings more.24 fully confirmed species with their own significant antigenic profiles; Aspergillus fumigatus (33-35 and 43-44KD,: 60KD), Sclerocleista ornate (66.2-68 and 116-120KD, : 18 and 70KD), A. unguis (35, 43-45 and 66.2KD,: 37 and 150-200KD), A. terreus (,: 35, 70 and 150-200KD), A. niveus (,: 37 and 60KD), A. wentii (,: 40, 37 and 60KD), A. flavus (116-120KD, : 35 and 70KD), A. sojae (60-66KD, : 60 and 70KD), A. parasiticus (43- 45KD, : 33 and 70KD), A. alliaceus (,: 40, 58 and 90KD), A. niger (,: 37 and 40KD), A. awamori (,: 24 and 90KD), A. carbonarius (37, 45 and 116KD,: 37 and 70KD), A. foetidus (40- 42KD,: 33, 35, 70 and 150-200KD), A. ochraceus (5-10KD,: 33 and 70KD), A. ostianus (27, 34 and 50-55KD,: 24, 50 and 60KD), A. melleus (38KD,: 24, 33, 35, 50, 60 and 90KD), A. candidus (90KD,: 90KD), A. penicillioides, A. ustus, A. versicolor, A. oryzae, A. nidulans, A. japonicas (,: 24, 33, 37, 40 and 50KD)reflecting to the area were obtained which included 12 isolates as the first reports for Iran northern mycobioms. The information leads to the greatest and first practical identification process exploitating typicaly simple molecular analysis for Aspergillus taxonomy and diagnostic porposes due to the web based datas.The introduced specific and comparative tables could be the greatest and completest whole protein antigen patterns characterization in the world.

Class Copepoda belongs to subphylum Crustacea is the most important Zooplankton group which they are feeding by different fish and their larva in summer. In Copepoda, family Calanoidae had most abundance in Summer and the beginning Autumn. Adult Copepoda had heavy weight and they could endure pressure were observe in deeper part, Whiles nauplius and the first of copepodid observed in surface layer. The Copepoda in Sothern Caspian sea introduced and photography durig Hydrology and Hydrobiology projects in 1996 and 1999.The results of Zooplankton study reavel that there are totally 7 native speices, it’s consist of Acartia sp. and Eurytemora sp. and their nauplious. The alien Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyiwhich was transported from the black sea in to the Caspian sea at the end of 1990s has been negatively effecting ecosystem in this new environment. Mnemiopsis leidyi feeding Zooplankton, eggs and fish larva, an assessment of data collected during the period of 2001-2002 in Caspian sea, showed that the number of fish eggs and larva and Zooplankton was negatively realated to Mnemiopsis leidyi. the mass occurence of Mnemiopsis appears to be one of the most important reason for the sharp decrease of Anchovy and other plagic fish stockes in the Black sea. At the present time in Copepoda only Acartia tonsa and sometimes Halicyclops sarsiwas observed, and other speices in this family hadn’t population in Caspian sea.

In recent years, the appearances of new phytoplankton species have increased. Some of the sources of new species are represented by ballast waters of ships, disposal of sewage and global metrological changes. This study carried out in Iranian costal waters of the southern Caspian Sea at 8 transect and 40 stations. The results showed that the new species mainly belonged to Bacillariophyta, Pyrrophyta and Cyanophyta. Haptophyta was also appearance in this study which never reported in the southern Caspian Sea before. More than 50% of the water samples contained at least one of the new phytoplankton species. The percentage abundance of new species in spring and winter were observed more than summer and fall. The new incoming species have ecological, economic and human health impact due to potential of bloom, toxic and chemical material production (allopathy). Therefore, it is necessary to study of identification, determination of abundance and also spatial distribution of new species in this area.

Oxadiargyl or Top Star is an herbicide used in rice fields, which decreases chlorophyll content in aquatic vegetation and results in degeneration of cell membrane. The toxic effects of this herbicide were studied in the green algal species Scenedesmus sp. using four different concentrations (10, 46.36, 214.76 and 1000 mg/l) of this herbicide. A control group without herbicide was also included. Three replicates were used for each treatment group. Experiments were carried out in 1.5 l bottles and 20 cc of Scenedesmus solution was added to each treatment group and aerated for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Results obtained indicate that from day 1, all four concentrations of the herbicide, Oxadiargyl, adversely affected growth rates in Senedesmus, and cell counts in all four groups dropped by 31.8-69.7%. But decreasing trend in cell count after 96 h was 12.3-42.7% of that observed in the control group. Average mortality rate of Senedesmus. during 96h was recorded as 57.3-87.7%. In general, all treatments (Except for the treatment group with 10 mg/l herbicide after 72h) showed negative effect on growth rates of Scenedesmus. More than 50% (54.3-64%) mortality of Senedesmus cell numbers occurred in 214.8 and 1000 mg/l herbicide concentration treatments, only 24h. Therefore, application of these dosages in the Rice field has negative effect on green algae. Significant difference was detected between blank and 4 treatments ofSenedesmus sp. cells numbers, indicating the degradation of Senedesmus cells and the toxic effect of this herbicide on primary producers in water bodies.