LANGUAGE RELATED RESEARCH (COMPARATIVE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE RESEARCH)
Year:2010 | Volume:1 | Issue:3|Papers Count:10

The present paper attempts to provide a model for evaluation and criticism of equivalence according to both formal characteristics of a source text and its situational context along with intertextuality in translation process. The choices of equivalents were examined by Fairclough’s model of critical discourse analysis. According to this model, interpretation and explanation of sociocultural, sociohistorical and situational contexts as macrostructures are complementary pairs for descriptive analysis within a text as microstructures. This research is an attempt to provide critical analysis for translated text as reproduction of the source. Some discursive structures will be analyzed in three different levels as description, interpretation and explanation. The goal is to give the best model for evaluation of the translated text and equivalents in translation process. The texts for analyses include SISTERS written by Jams Joyce and its two Persian translated texts.

Causatives are among the universals of mind, which are present in all languages. Given the principle of language relativity, language facts are not correspondent to the facts of external world. This discordance is evident both in lexical and grammatical fields in different languages. Due to the structural differences between the Russian and Persian languages, language possibilities for reproduction of causatives are different. So interference of parental language can cause problems in learning and committing linguistic errors among learners. Based on the findings in contrastive linguistics, through comparison of languages, we can predict possible errors and develop appropriate instructional programs to prevent them. This essay reviews the problems of reproduction of causatives in constant phrases with «ot» preposition and explores the reasons of linguistic interferences and translation errors.

Negative and vague pronouns could be distinguished in Russian and Persian languages according to their sentence making features, definition and grammatical usage. It has always been an obstacle for Russian learners and translators to deal with these pronouns even after their graduation from higher education and they are usually confused and unsure about their usage or translation.The article tries to point this issue and clarify the ambiguity with explaining the definition and usage differences of negative and vague pronouns in both Persian and Russian languages by investigating the structural distinction in terms of language characteristics and grammatical role.Further, the research, while inspecting the Persian language resources, found out that Persian linguists sometimes had a weak performance in understanding and explaining the negative and vague pronouns for instance, they did not put negative and vague pronouns in an independent category either, which in turn causes a problem for those who are learning Russian as a second language.Comparing the plentifulness of sentence making adjuncts of vague pronouns, which limits the definition and usage, in Russian language with a few similar elements in Persian language, and some differences in the grammatical structures of negative sentences in both languages, the article derives the reasons of significant difficulties in realization and usage of these pronouns in Russian language. The main aim is to decrease the complication of teaching, using and translating such pronouns by indicating the similarities and differences.

Finding the common aspects among the nations of the same root is a crystal clear. This article tries to compare Āraš the Archer, that of the ancient Iranian Literature, with Philoctetes, that of the ancient Greek Literature, as two Aryan nations. Based on these Myths, the protagonists of the two stories put an end to the two erosive rather longtime wars by throwing an arrow. That is, until Āraš is not using his bow and arrow, there is no end to the abortive twelve-year-old war between Iran and Turan headed by Manuchehr and Afrasyab, respectively; and until Philoctetes is not using his bow and arrow, there is no end to the ten-year-old war of the Greeks for conquering Troy. In this study, we studies the structural and semantic similarities between the two stories, considering Comparative Mythology, which is of comparative literature, in nine subjects: putting an end to the two erosive  wars, the role of the encirclement in the two myths, the role of gods in throwing the arrow, the type of the two heroes' weapons, their weapons relation with super human forces, the two heroes' relation with holiness, their link with the holy places, the ultimate of their job from moral view and the influence of the two myths on the literature afterwards. The study also points on their the structural and semantic differences with seven subjects consisting of place, time and characteristics of the narration, the genre of the narration, the heroes' motivation, the differences between the two wars from the national merits view, the differences in the end of the two wars and the difference in the end of the two heroes' life and death. It is conclusded that the family connection and the joint experiences of the Endo-European nations, which is manifested in their epics and stories.

Hermeneutics is the science of considering the matter of understanding, specially the understanding of the texts and the cause of procedure.Paraphrase is the term that has the most usage for its Arabic equivalent. Nowadays, hermeneutic is of great importance in different areas and specially, as an analyzing method. So it seems necessary to study its roots and place separately in Arabic language and literature, without any dependency to the western production in its background.The aim of this descriptive library survey is to consider the history of the usage of paraphrase in Arabic language and literature and, considering that every analyzing is a kind of paraphrase, points out the importance of these phenomena in Arab contemporary critics. It also introduces samples of various literary paraphrase with different tendency.

Satire is kind of literary genre, in which the satirist tries to criticize the defects of the society to reform it. Abdollah Nadim and Dehkhoda are two well-known satirists in Arabic and Persian literature, respectively. Both of them critized the defects of their societies as harshly as possible Abdollah Nadim took part in the Eraby Pasha Revolution and Ali Akbar Dehkhoda  played an important role in Mashrote (Constitutional) Revolution.There are some similarities between these two satirists, although one can find a few differences as well. Both of them in their critical and satirical articles stood against the then governments and used the language actually applied by the lay people. Both of them were set against the intervention of the foreign governments in their social and political affairs. They were in great difficulties for publishing works. They were suppressed over and over again by the governments of their time. One can say that both of them were greatly influced by the late Seyyed Jamal al-din Asad Abadi’s ideas. He was of the opinion that one should defend his own country by heart and soul. This paper tries to discuss the similarities and to somehow the differnces between Abdollah Nadim and Ali Akbar Dehkhoda on the one hand and trace the impact of Seyyed Jamal al-din on them on the other.

A lot of researches have been done so far about Saadi in the west. But what is the role of Saadi in the works of Voltaire, a well-known philosopher in the Enlightenment era of the 18 the century? Even today, his name is reminder of tolerance. During his life, he insisted on the development of humane existence in his plays, stories or historical researches such as: "History of Louis XIV" or "Essay about the Morale". Why a philosopher like Voltaire is interested in Saadi and reincarnated him in the west? The observations and researches show that Voltaire, more than what had been said about the influence of Saadi in his stories, is in debt of Saadi. His footprint can be found directly or indirectly in Voltaire's works. In Voltaire's literature, we find not only the oriental stories with their proverbs and metaphors, but also the ethical philosophy, political and God worshiping philosophy and at least the ideals of Saadi, which have been reincarnated even in his writings. So the sources that show Voltaire had been influenced by Saadi, must not be forgotten, because they proved the claim of understanding between these men.

“Stress” is one of the features of grammar that is visible in both Persian and Russian languages at the level of their terminologies. Since, leaning in Russian language often encounters problems for Persian language learners, especially at the time of pronouncing the words, the current research attempts to focus on the those aspects with an emphasis on important problems including reasons of pronunciation interference of Russian words among Persian speakers.People who are learning a foreign language, unconsciously try to extend the structures of their own mother tongue, to which they are laterally proficient, to the internal structures of the foreign language, hence, causing interference and error in the language learning.Due to the extent of the subject, especially from the view point of differences of opinion among Iranian and Russian linguists, the paper initially propounds theoretical discussions based on the axis of interference of word leaning for Persian learners. Then it tries to focus on the probable applications and interferences such as common words in Russian and Persian languages and their interference with each other, apparently similar words in singular and plural structures of Russian language, two-variant Russian words, Stress being as ambulatory in Russian Language, stress in Russian names in singular and plural conditions, and stress in the words apparently having similar contents in Russian dialect.