JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN CROP SCIENCES
Year:2008 | Volume:1 | Issue:1|Papers Count:8

The energy circulation is the important argument agriculture ecology and in proportion of output and input energy has been calculated in different agricultural ecosystems of the world. In this study energy evoluation in dry and irrigated farming wheat in West Azarbaijan in 2007 with use of information from crop management (preparation of questionnaire of Province villages) has been estimated. The data, related to input and output were changed to production and consumption energy then energy efficiency counted. The rate of input consumed energy in irrigated and dry farming of wheat was 13025648 and 5414138 K.C per hectare and output energy in irrigated and dry farming was 10390770 and 3690180 and range of energy efficiency of irrigated and dry farming 1.48 and 1.26 respectively. However the range of nitrogen use efficiency in irrigated and dry farming in wheat was 12.48 and 11.4 respectively. The result show that the most consumption energy of irrigated farming in West Azarbaijan is related to nitrogen fertilizer then irrigation and for dry farming wheat the most consumption energy is related to nitrogen fertilizer too that with agronomic suitable managements in this province can reduce usage of energy in surface unit and raise productive energy efficiency and step forward to reach a sustainable agriculture, reduction of soil and environment pollution.

In order to study the water stress and location and time of defoliation on some of growth indices of sunflower (ALSTAR hybrid) an experiment was done during the years 2006 - 2007 in the "Agricultural Research Station of Khoy". Irrigation at three levels (irrigation after 80, 120 and 160 mm evaporation from class A Pan) as main plot and defoliation time at two levels (defoliation in R2 and R6 stage) to sub plot and defoliation locality in three levels (control, middle down leaves defoliation and middle up leaves defoliation) to sub sub plot to be studied in Strip Split Plot at the basis of Randomized Complete Block design in four replications. Results showed that water deficit stress decreased seed yield significantly. Seed yield was 5522 kilogram in irrigation after 80 mm evaporation treatment, but seed yield with regard to first level in irrigation decreased 8 and 24 percent in irrigation after 120 and 160 mm evaporation levels. Defoliation time had significant effects on seed yield and defoliation in R6 stage in seed yield was better group. Comparison seed yield (5133 kilogram in hectare) in defoliation treatment in R6 stage, with 4756 kilogram yield in defoliation treatment in R2 stage showed that leaves were especially important in primary reproductive growth stage. Defoliation in different parts of stem caused significant difference in seed yield and with middle up leaves defoliation most characters decreased severely. Study of growth indexes showed that irrigation after 120 and 160 mm evaporation from class a pan decreased Leaf Area Index, Net Assimilation Rate, Relative Growth Rate and Crop Growth Rate with regard to irrigation after 80 mm evaporation levels. Maximum difference between irrigation levels was in the middle of seasonal growth stage. Defoliation in R2 stage caused the reduction of Leaf Area Index, Crop Growth Rate and Relative Growth Rate with regard to defoliation in R6 stage. Through the defoliation process (especially middle up leaves) there was a decrease in surveyed indices growth rate (expect Net Assimilation Rate), with regard to the control treatment.

The study area is about 54676 hectares and located in south-west Tehran province, between 35o 30’ to 35o 45’ north latitude and 51o to 51o 15’ east longitude. The nearest synoptic station data show that the climatic type is sub-desertic. The maximum and minimum daily air temperature 36.6o C in July and -0.4o C in January, respectively. The annual rainfall is about 233 mm. The main aim of this research was to elaborate an approach to estimate land production potential for irrigated wheat, taking into account the environmental conditions in the study area, the methodology considers different hierarchically ordered production situations. In the first hierarchically production situation, the radiation-thermal production potential (RPP) or the irrigated yield for wheat has been calculated. In the second hierarchically production potential situation, land production potential (LPP) for phases of family has been calculated considering soil indices. The result of the first hierarchically production situation showed that potential irrigated yield based on Sys method in south-west Tehran province is 10484 kg/ha. In the second hierarchically order, land production potention for each soil unit was calculated based on radiation - thermal production potential and soil limiting factors, which the result was predicted 1856 to 8775 Kg/ha and 1940 to 8870 Kg/ha using Storie and square root methods respectively. This reduction was due to limiting factors such as soil physical characteristics, drainage, pH, salinity, alkalinity and slope. After reclamation of some limiting factors, the future LPP will be 3743 to 10253 Kg/ha and 3774 to 10253 Kg/ha with Storie and square root method respectively. Finally predicted land production potential (LPP) was compared by farmers yield (observed yield) and showed a good correlation with r=0.97. So this model can well be prediction of land production potential for wheat in the studied area.

As for of the importance and extension, water and soil salinity besides the remarkable increase of these kinds of farms and the increasing need of the country for fodder crops, an experiment was conducted to assess the tolerance to the salinity of sorghum cultivars. Five fodder sorghum cultivars as their tolerance to salinity in germination and seedling growth periods were evaluated, In a CRD base factorial with three replicates, with solutions in five different salinity levels as 0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 Mmol NaCl were carried out in laboratory, pot and hydroponic system. Germination test was done on ISTA rules and on the 3rd, 7th, and 10th days sampling was made on a number of germinated seeds, radical, plumule and plantlet length and plantlet dry weight. Increasing salinity levels decreased radical, plumule and plantlet length and plantlet dry weight, germination percentage, germination rate coefficient and increased germination spread time and R/S ratio in all cultivars. KFS2 with higher germination percentage, plantlet dry matter, plantlet length, and germination rate was the most tolerant and KFS1 was the most sensitive cultivar to salinity among cultivars. In greenhouse as hydroponic experiment, leaf area, plant height, shoot, root, stem, leaf dry matter and leaf and tiller number were measured. Salinity decreased all measured attributes but increased root/shoot ratio. Based on these experimental results KFS3 with higher leaf area and weight, stem and shoot weight was the most tolerant and Jumbo was the most sensitive one among cultivars to salinity.

With regard to limitation of water and soil resources, land evaluation will present useful information to cultivate the products and produce them in the most suitable place for decision making, and to determine the cropping pattern, in each area and allocating the lands to the best and the most profitable applying kind and recognition of land production capacity, performing land suitability studies has been considered necessary. Of course, soil resource is only one of humanistic, economical and natural resources that affect the lands suitability. This study with the aim of possibility evaluation and improving products cultivation of summer flint maize and water melon in Gargar land plain located on the left side of Gargar River with an area of 15831 acres has been carried out. Survey method land suitability evaluation to water cultivation to the simple limited methods, parametric (storie method, square root) and finally preparing relevant maps in the environment GIS has been fulfilled. Results of land evaluation with parametric square root method and simple limitation acceptable correspondence and square root method in comparison to storie method and simple limitation to present facts of the area show correlation. Limiting factor of summer producing water melon in the foresaid area is not considered as climatic variables but it was true for flint maize. Other limiting factors are as follows; fertility or acidity of soil, physical circumstances of soil especially, the percentage of calcium carbonate and in some land units percentage of gipsium, salinity and alkalinite, drainage and topography.

In order to evaluate the impact of various methods of micronutrient application on the yield and yield components of corn an experiment was carried out by Factorial design with 2 Factors in RCBD at 3 replications in agricultural Research Station of Khoy in 2007. The kind of fertilizer were the soil application of micronutrients consumption: a1 =Fe+Zn, a2 =Fe+Mn, a3 =Zn+Mn, a4 =Fe+Mn+Zn and foliar application of micronutrient consumption: a5 =Fe+Zn, a6 =Fe+Mn, a7 =Zn+Mn, a8 =Fe+Mn+Zn, a9 =non application of micronutrient and second factor were two (b1 =ksc 700, b2 =ksc 704) hybrids. The kind of fertilizers treated had significant statistical effect on, 1000 grains weight, grain yield and grain depth in cob. The results of comparison showed the highest grain yield with 12.99 ton per hectare obtained in a8 (foliar application of Fe+Mn+Zn) of it was 37% higher than control treatment. Among the cultivars surveyed, ksc.700 showed priority to ksc.704 in ear length, ear diameter, number of grain in ear, number of row in ear, and number of grain in row.

The use of models can improve understanding of nutrient uptake process by plant. Even with a lack of agreement, models can be helpful in identifying the causes of divergence. This research was performed for potassium uptake prediction, in different growth stages of corn by Cushman model and under different tillage systems and farmyard manure treatments. Tillage treatments included surface disk harrowing+two disk, harrowing as reduced tillage (15 cm plowing depth) and moldboard plowing+two disk harrowings as conventional tillage system (30 cm plowing depth). Also, three levels of 0, 30 and 60 tons per hectare farmyard manure were used as organic manure treatments. The above mentioned treatments were done in a split block design with 3 replications and under corn cultivation for two years. The results showed, predicted potassium uptake in plant, using Cushman model, was highly correlated with measured K uptake, but was in a much lower magnitude. With manure addition, model deviation increased in observed data. Also, model deviation was lower under reduced tillage in comparison with the conventional tillage.

In order to evaluate the effects of plant density on yield, its components and the indices of growth in sunflower cultivar (Ksc43/128 and Lakumka) an experiment was carried out with two row space 60 and 75 cm in agricultural and natural resources research station of Khoy in 2007. The experiment was coordinated as strip plot design with 4 replication: Combination of 2 varieties with row space as horizontal factor and plant densities with 5 levels of 3, 4/5, 6, 7/5 and 9 plant /m2 as vertical factor. Results showed that there was significant difference between horizontal treatments for flowering, growth period, 1000 seeds weight, head seed number and oil percentage. Effect of plant density on plant height, seed and oil yield, head and stem diameter, 1000 seeds weight and seed number per head were significant. As plant density increased to 7/5 p/m2, seed and oil yield increased significantly and when the density reached from 3 to 9 plants per square meter, the weight of 1000 seeds in number and diameter decreased. Russian cultivar Lakumka produced the highest seed yield, 4719 and 4419 kg/ha respectively at plant density 7/5 p/m2 with row space of 60 and 75 cm. Ksc43/128 with 4410 kg/ha seed yield did not have significant difference with Lakumka, but for its highest oil yield, 1989 kg per hectare, stood in first rank.