PERSIAN LITERATURE (BAHARESTAN SOKHAN)
Year:2017 | Volume:13 | Issue:34|Papers Count:13

Since the creation of literary masterpieces, love has had profound role and has been reflected in numerous manifestations of these works. The Persian Language poets have composed a great part of their poetry in description of love, the traits of the beloved, and the conditions of the lovers since the beginning of poetry history. In this article, we are to pursue the problem of love in the three masters of literary men: Maulana, Sa' di, and Hafez. In a comparative method, we’ve surveyed love in lyrics of these three poets, and based on some of their selective poems, their similarities and contradictions about the issue have been discussed. Though we can say that mundane and celestial love are the two facets of one essence. Love, with its antiquity, and extensiveness, is rather ambiguous but the comparison of the ideas of great literary men like Maulana, Sa' di, and Hafez on it can be effective in the illumination of its complexity; and by studying their viewpoints we' ll show each of their speciality in a specific love. Based on the results of this research, one can conclude that love from Sa' di's point of view is figurative and worldly; from Maulana's view point is mystical and real, and in Hafez it is slyly. The needlessness of beloved doesn' t fade their love and desire, because it is on sincerity not confirmation and suitability. These poets emphasize on the endless hardship, eternity of love, preference of love to wisdom and ignoring the reproachers or asserters.

Quatrain has been and is of the molds which have appealed the Persian poets since the ancient times; among them Faani Khoee, the lyric poet of the 12th and 13th century who had paid special attention to it. Faani's quatrains, though few, have thematic extension and are considered the most prolific ones among the contemporary poets. His diversification can be categorized to indicate the poetical elegance and his worldview. Since the mold of quatrain, in the time of the poet, was declining of its boom, his thematical diversity and verbal elegance enhanced the scholars' attention to it. Faani's quatrains are in a kind of concise and abstract composition which are set in his odes.

The theory of pantheism is one of the most difficult, at the same time, the simplest discussions of mystic credo. This theory must be considered as the thought legacy of human great thinkers and experts throughout man's history, from the ancient Greece to our own time who wanted to find acceptable answer to the identity and reality of existence and explain it. Islamic mystics can be considered as the greatest theoreticians of this extensive sensational discussion. For the first time, Ibne Arabi expounded it. Maulana Jalaloddin Mohammad Balkhi is not an exception in this domain. The reason for the identity of pantheism and how it was explained by the experts and which phenomena are about the mere truth, are the subjects of this paper that we' ve tried to explain it in simple words and bring about the past and present scholars' ideas, and by using the modern knowledge, have simpler and explicit definition of the nature of existing universe at hand.

"The Neighbors" is a political novel from Ahmad Mahmood. It is the only novel which shows the atmosphere of the south of the country after the coup d' etat of 28th Mordad, 1332. Studying the theme, political characters and the atmosphere of the story makes the readers be familiar with the social and political conditions of Iran in the time when the author lived. Since the narration of the story is technically flawless, it is essential that three important elements of the story be carefully studied and analyzed.

Mansoor Hafez Shirazi is one of the anonymous Shiite poets in the 9th c A. H., who in congruent with the style of his age was under the influence of Khajeh's lyrics. His affectability can be categorized as follows: Group 1 includes poems which the poet by conformity of poetic style of his contemporary poets has acclaimed most of Khajeh's lyrics in rhythm, rhyme, order (internal and external music) even in form and letters and expressions (from language aspect). Unlike the poetical themes of Khajeh, he uses it in the praise of the virtues of Prophet and Imam Ali (p. b. u. Them) and the acclaimed religious law.Group 2 is the poetry which the poet by conformity of his contemporary poets mentions some of semi-stitches and lines from Khajeh to enforce his religious thoughts which are in praise of the virtues of the Prophet and the Imams without any trivial changes which are not very noticeable. He uses the religious themes in his poetry and creates exquisite connections and deals with the contradictions. In this article, we have investigated the subject in the poetry books of these two poets from Shiraz.

The contemporary poetry, regarding to its previous experiences in the development of rhythm, rhyme, melody and form, has also experienced new and unique trends in the style. Dealing with the narrative style and its joint specifications in the contemporary poets' works is important. Most of them have tried their hands in it. This style whose main element is narration, has been appeared in their works. We' ve tried, in this paper, to analyze the common points of the poets who follow this style to add something in the stylistics and linguistics of Persian Literature in this domain.

Hatam Taee is one of the distinguished characters in Arabic Literature who is emblemed for generosity and benevolence among the Arabs. His book of poetry (Diwan) is overfilled with human being's high ethical and valuable implications. Sa' di Shirazi is one of the unique assets in Persian Literature who has similar ideas with Hatam Taee. By using the descriptive and analytic method and taking advantage of library devices, the writers of this article have tried to survey the ethical and implicative values of these two great poets of Arabic and Iranian figures.

Of the prominent characteristics of Persian Literature, is the specific love and sincerity of the Shiite poets to the Divine Leaders and the Imams (p. b. u. Them). One cannot find any innocent Imam who has not been praised in Persian poetry throughout the history.Hakim Mulla Abdorrazag Ibne Ali Lahiji, known as Fayyaz Lahiji, of the well-known speakers and philosophers of the Shii religion in the Safawid period, has included different aspects of the related matter in his poetry especially the odes which he allocated to the prophet's household. We' ll study some of the poet's odes in praise of prophet's household in a descriptive way. The most significant findings of this research is that Fayyaz Lahiji is of the poets who have adorned their poetry with the names of fourteen innocents and have done it with mere pure devotion.

Today, one of the discussions which interests the literature researchers, is studying the different approaches on the women's personality in Persian Literature. The inclusion of women in poetry shows itself in the constitution era. In the literature of this time, women's wisdom, characteristics, and humanity are scrutinized. Poetry of this period reflects women's expectations. Manifestation of woman's expression in this time, especially Seyyed Ashrafoddin Qazvini (Gilani) 's poetry has been studied. We are to answer this question: How was the woman's expression in the above-mentioned book and in the constitution era as a whole? Was it truly considered a turning point in the social, literal, and cultural history of women? The final analysis indicates that the poets' approach towards the women changed in that time and their themes dealt with the rights of women and instead of looking at them as creatures of beloved, they explained their rationality, personality, and humanity.

Feminism is referred to the practical and theoretical struggle which are in favor of women and shows itself in the feministic and idealistic form of discussion in society. It is a school which seeks equality between men and women in all social rights. The traits of feminism are abundant in Persian literature and poetry but it becomes more obvious in constitution era. Mirzadeh Eshghi, the distinguished political poet of this period of time, who was assassinated in the early days of Reza Khan's reign, has illustrated the Iranian women's unpleasant and oppressed conditions in his " The Three Tableaux or Eshghi's Ideal " and " The Black Shroud " as the newest and the most serious part of dramatical poetry. The writer is to illustrate the traits of feminism in the two poems of Mirzadeh Eshghi.

Amir Khosrow Dehlavi is one of the most well-known poets of India who imitated Nezami Ganjawi in composing his poetry. Since Nezami is one of the most structured Persian poets, it seems that Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, by imitating Nezami's pattern, has noticed the necessity of coherence in his own poetry.The harmonized system of this work, both in form and content, indicates what Amir Khosrow Dehlavi had in his mind. The purpose of this paper is to attain the plot and mental structure in "The Matla' ul Anwar".

The present article deals with the surveying different kinds of contradictory managements from Hakim of Toos point of view; the conflict which sometimes leads to opposition and other times to conciliation among the heroes and the characters of the story, and Ferdowsi, with his erudition, leads them in the best way. This discrepancy begins when Zaal comes to the world with albino hair which was different from his father's – Saam and other people. This chaos ends with the marriage of Zaal and Rudabeh. In the trends of Zaal's existence, the opposition between desire and hope of several social ranks which embodied themselves in the problem of Zaal becomes materialized. The power of Zaal's will, as a determined factor, reveals itself in the life of the Iranians. Therefore, the society and Zaal unify and his indulgence becomes an epic. Its contradictions and innovations lead to its repulsion and the identity and relation are highlighted with holy and supernatural factors.