PERSIAN LITERATURE (BAHARESTAN SOKHAN)
Year:2017 | Volume:14 | Issue:36 |Papers Count:12

irony is a craft by which the speaker or writer, regarding the texture of the article , gives to the apparently explicit events, a thoroughly different meaning. The most important types of irony are of: word, play, situation, socratus, romance and dispense. The irony of situation is used when there is a discrepancy between the real situations and what is suitable to happen or what has been happened and what is expected to take place. Nezami, the 6th century poet, has taken advantages of irony in his poetry. When the events take the color of irony on themselves, encourage the reader to follow the story enthusiastically and at times set the smile, even sarcastically on his lips. The aim of this research is the studying of situational irony in the Khosrow and Shirin's mathnawi from Hakim Nezami Ganjawi. The outcome of this research is that in Nezami's mathnawi, after the Haft Paykar, the Khosrow and Shirin has more situational irony than the others. In other words it has more unexpected turnings in its traits.

The present essay, with computerized stylistics-configurative approach, deals with the frequency and percentage of kinds of figures of speech in Hafez's Diwan with the hypothesis that by using these variables one can attain the aspects of Hafez's adaptation with life and people. The theoretical bases and the usage of this essay is a combination of Halliday's systematic grammar and traditional grammar. Its lingual framework consists of 5561 verbs which have been chosen by regular sampling method and 19 variables have been analyzed in it. The findings of this study show that Hafez's Diwan has the frequency of 7.3 indicative modes which show the expressive, narrative, and definite style of Hafez. On the other hand imperative mode with the total of %15 has the second frequency which indicates grammatical command, though %5 of its verbs is suggestive, inquiring and recommentative. Probability and hesitative modes are indicative of partial approach which have been allocated to less than %1 of the totality to itself and the inquiry mode indicates % 6 and conditional composition of %4 which show his strictiveness in expression is not much obvious in relation to his relative and inquiry approach though his existentiality view to the world is distinctive.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the presence and absence of inversion and topicalization in Kurdish literature and its texts and to argue about how to explain the relationship between these processes based on sentence word order to classify the data; if the element preposed to the beginning of a sentence, it is considered preposing and if postponed to the end of the sentence it is considered postposing. The analysis has been based on information structure and pragmatics. In this article, to argue about the role of discoursal processes, inversion and topicalization in Kurdish have been studied from functional perspective. The following results can be revealed in both inversion and topicalization. Both of them match the marked topics and do not correspond with postposing. Topicalization is a process which is conditional and bound to preposing element. In both processes the commonest movement is preposing old information whether it is listener-old or discourse-old.

Naser Khosrow Qobadiani is one of the scholastic poets whose view points are based on the interpretation of the Qur'anic verses according with his tenets on the religious cult of Ismailiyeh. Naser khosrow, as a great speaker and scholar, tried to find the foundation of his thoughts in the Holy Qur'an. Though the other Islamic scientists stated their ideas by resorting to the similar verses of the Holy Qur'an, Naser khosrow followed his interpretations boldly by the ideas of the Ismaili tents both by indisputable and similar verses. One of his unique characteristics is that he is well-versed in taking advantages of the Qur'anic Verses in his different domains of his thought. In the Zadolmosaferin which is about his special religious ideas, besides the religious problems, it talks about all kinds of issues: motion, ego, and creation of universe which are discussed by resorting the Qur'anic verses. Following this, Naser Khosrow, offers exquisite and novel ideas which are unique. The present paper is to survey his philosophic thoughts with comparative approach, and the way he took advantage of the Holy Qur'anic verses.

Lyric literature is a literary genre which encompasses poems of romance, mysticism, religion, philosophy, praise, satire, description, and nature. It has got mild and tender language accompanying delicate and deep meanings which are full of emotions and desires. The issue of this essay is the narrative and thematic analysis of Gedazadeh va Padeshah from Bustan of Saadi. The question to be considered is how Saadi has been able to use these two elements in the tale and to what extent. The findings indicate that he created the story in full narrative and thematic elements by using allegory and emplotment. The elements of Freytag's Pyramid and social themes that are features of lyrical poetry have been used in the tale as well.

One of the main characteristics of the poems of Sanai is its application of code and mythical elements, by which intuitional findings and mystical means are presented. Such elements are numerous and have special features. In this research, we allude to some of these codes including water and the changes in their images and explain their mystical means and philosophies. In conclusion, the mythical and symbolic specifications of these codes are studied.

Structural study of story started with Vladimir Propp. The basis of his approach is the behavior of story characters. He studied the structure of 100 Russian fairy tales in a modern system. Before him, most researchers classified subjects which led to chaos. Having analyzed one hundred stories he came to the conclusion that although the characters of the story varied, their actions were limited to 31 functions. Propp defined morphology based on their components with each other or with the whole story. This article is structural analysis of two stories from the Garshasb Nameh and is based on Propp's morphological theory, so that the adaptation of his story determined on stories and the value of his work will be revealed more than ever.

Taboo words are the words indicating taboo concepts or the gained negative load in society. Most taboo words and euphemism lose their negative and positive meanings in the course of time. Among the signs of the effects of culture, values and beliefs of society on language are taboo words. Here we are going to study the relation of language and society in order to follow some linguistic changes. We inductively study the how and the why changes in some taboo words of some semantic fields. The results show that social attitudes, cultural taboos and prestige are the reasons of changes.

In the Horufiyeh ontology, everything belongs to the Prime Power of new platonic ideas. The first and loftiest manifestation of deity is the word of "Allah" or sensual word. The abstract word embodies the 28 Arabic words which the Horufiyeh call it "pronounced words" Connection of these words to each other instills the form of mundane world to mind. In their idea 32 alphabets play the role of fixed upscales against the tangible and non-abstract truth. Non-abstract creatures of concrete world and also matter and soul have been derived from the combination of 28 and 32 letters. We have dealt with the 28 and 32 Arabic and Persian letters to describe and analyze samples of Horufiyeh works, especially Seyyed Emadoddin Nasimi's as the most successful poet of this group. He has been able to use his thoughts about the Horufiyeh in his poetry. Some people like Baktashieh and Kakaieh have considered his Diwan as a sacred book. This essay studies the impact of Horufiyeh, specifically Nasimi as a part of Persian poetry.

In terms of power, wisdom, virtue and his / her position in the universe, human being is superior and different from other creatures. In different verses of the Holy Qur'an, Allah has mentioned this truth as: "verily we have honored children of Adam …" or "Surely we created man of the best stature …", then it can be stated that human being can achieve to supernatural abilities as there is samples from miracles of prophets and saints' greatness in the realm of religion. One of the famous ecstatic phrases of Hallaj (analhagg) which is rooted in his pantheistic belief has been examined in this article; and also pros and cons reasons, as well as, the acceptable and legitimate meanings and implicit learnings and trainings have been designed in this study. This comprehensive review while clarifying the issue and making known its meaning and concepts can turn into a barrier against false claim of religion realm which in various forms was the claimant of the relationship with other universes and in some cases cause disturbance and deception in the life of ordinary people.

The approbation and reputation attained to Nezami's "Panj Ganj" in subsequent periods, especially since 9th century caused burlesque in creation fictional poems. One of the burlesques created in 9th century was "The Leili and Majnoon" composed by a poet called Mesali Kashani. In this article, in addition to the introduction of Mesali Kashani, we have made a comparison between their two works in lingual, grammatical and structural traits and their similarities and differences. Mesali has paid attention to Nezami in creation of his story and imitated its structure and texture. In addition to Nezami, Mesali has praised Amir Khosrow and in some instances he adored Jami's narration of "The Leili and Majnoon".

Studying the cultural beliefs of different nations, especially the ones whose native cultures have had interactive effects with their ethnics are on the focus of attention of the researchers. Investigation on these matters can illuminate the origins of the ideas which in the course of time have become the cultural beliefs of the impressionable nations. In the mystical Persian literary texts, we encounter the ideas which have completely foreign origin and if we don't know their main root, we'll have difficulty in explaining them. Samples of these desolated ideas can be : the shot heart, mundane and celestial love, constellation and their impact on people's lives, scattering wine on earth, immortality of heroes, sacredness of the numbers and tens of others which have roots in the culture of the ethnics. One of the interesting stances is the origin of celestial bodies, specifically the Moon and the stars we can see in the introduction of the Mantegottayr which is not in any scientific criterion The writer, with the help of ancient mythology, is to explain some of the related issues and if he were not successful, at least there will be a torch for the future researchers