Year:2003 | Volume:16 | Issue:2 (59 IN ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES)|Papers Count:22

Sex alleles in honeybee like other gene alleles are influenced by homozygosity in closed populations. Increasing of homozygosity decreases sex alleles. Due to the reduction of sex alleles in the population, diploid drones number increase in the colony and cannibalism phenomenon appear, the number of new born and brood survival decrease and consequently honey production decrease. Sex alleles estimation in honey bee populations of Tehran, Markazi, Isfahan and Qazvin provinces by investigation in 700 colonies were carned out. Brood survival in the colonies was taken into account for determining of sex alleles number based on Ruttner method in 1988. Results show that averages of homozygosity in the studied apiaries were between 6.665% and 23.982%. Minimum and maximum means of homozygosity in the different regions were 10.24% (Golpaiegan in Isfahan province) and 17.898% (Sarband in Markazi province), respectively. Total mean of homozygosity and sex alleles in the studied area were 13.262% and 7.64, respectively. Maximum and minimum means of sex alleles in the studied provinces were 8.42 (Qazvin province) and 7.31 (Tehran province), respectively. Also, there was a negative significant correlation (r = -0.09) between means of apiary honey production (AHP) and homozygosity of sex alleles (HAS). Regression equation between AHP and HAS was: AHP = 4.137 - 0.0273 HAS

Effect of five concentrations of KN03 (zero, 0.5, 1.5,5 as a control, 10 mM) in 1 M NaCl on the cell density and content of pigments (beta-carotene and chlorophyll) was investigated in Iranian strain of D. Salina. The cultures were kept at light intensity of 100µ mol photon. m-2. S-1.1 , light / dark regime of 16/8 hours at 26±2c The result illustrated, 0.5 mM nitrate in the medium is caused to decreasing of growth, increasing of intracellular beta-carotene. However, at higher concentration of nitrate in the medium no significant changes were observed. In addition, it was revealed that except the medium with no nitrate, at all concentration there is no significant difference in specific growth rate (µ) of cultures and 10 mm nitrate in the medium had no any negative effect on growth of this strain. As a result, it appeared that nitrate limitation (0.5 mM) arises content of beta-carotene in Iranian strain of D. Salina, but this accumulation is lesser than other strains were reported in the literatures. Therefore, it seems, this strain uses replacement pathways for scavenging of free radicals, which probably is produced by nitrate deficiency.

The prevalence of bovine subclinical ketosis amongst 400 dairy Holestin cows in 23 herds was studied during june to october 2001 in Shahrekord. In this study 400 milk samples and 234 urine samples with the modified Rothera's test were evaluated for qualitative assay of ketone bodies in milk and urine, during first 60 days of lactation. The relation between subclinical ketosis with cows age, parity, milk production and weeks in the 1st - 8th post calving weeks, were obtained with X 2 , G 2, t, f, Z, HSD and Fisher's exact tests. from 400 milk samples of examined for ketolactia 39 (9.8%) and from 234 urine samples examined for ketonuria, 54 (20.5%) samples were found positive, difference was statistically significant (a =0.01). There was an apparent trend of increasing prevalence of subclinical ketosis with increasing age. However, only the difference between the 2-3 years old cows with the 4-5 years old cows, the 5-6 years old cows and the 6-7 years old cows, were statistically significant (a = 0.05). Also with increasing parity there was an apparent trend of increasing prevalence of subclinical ketosis. However, only the difference between the parity - 1 with the parity - 3 and the parity - 4 were statistically significant (a =0.05). There was an statistical relation between prevalence of subclinical ketosis and milk production (a =0.01). There were no significant differences in prevalence of subclinical ketosis between different weeks in the 1st - 8th postcalving weeks (a =0.05).

In this experiment sugarcane tops first treated with urea(0.5%) and molasses (3%) and then ensiled. The forage portion of the diet was replaced by different amounts of sugarcane silage (25,50 and 75%)in dairy cattle diet and the results compared with control group. To this ascertain a total number of 20 heads dairy cattle were used with a complete randomized design with 4 treatment on 5 replication. In initial and end of experiment the animals were weighed and daily milk production were recorded. The animals ration contents of forage and concentrate were obtained on the basis of weight and milk production and had been given to the animals daily. There is no significant differences between treatment for milk production (p<0.05). According to these results the average milk production were 11.39,11.21,11.55 and 11.13 liter respectively. There is no . significant difference between initial and last weight of animals. Feed conversion efficiency on the basis of dry matter of milk were 1.06,1.02,1.01 and 1.07.The protein conversion efficiency per Kg of milk were 0.192 ,0.194 ,0.235 and 0.249 respectively and the TDN conversion efficiency for per Kg of milk were 0.87,1.43,1.59 and 1.68 respectively. there was also no significant differences for these treatment (p<0.05). The chemical analysis of milk composition of different treatments there are not significant differences between milk fat, pH, dry matter and protein. At the end we can express that sugarcane top silage which are enriched by urea and molasses cane be used in dairy cattle’s nutrition and replaces up to 75% instead of alfalfa has not any negative productivity effects and indicated that there were not any significant decreasing in the products.

This research sampling of azolla was done in the southwest (Siahkeshim), center (Hendekhaleh) and east (Sheijan) of the Anzali Lagoon in summer and autumn (2001). Extraction of PAHs in azolla were done by soxhlet and shaker methods. Separation and identification of PAHs in extracted samples were done by ion trap and quadruple GC/MS and thirteen PAHs were detected and identified. In addition using available PAHs standard, Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM) technique was also used for further confirmation of identified PAHs.

Atyid shrimps are much noticed by experts because they distribute in all over the world and they are primary shrimp, with opinion of Calman. Many of their characters have been studied. One of the characters that the experts have a special notice is mandible. Calman believe that the mandible of this family is simple and it made from a simple skeleton plate without incisor and molar process. In this study, on a species indigenous to Iran, it cleared that mandible of the species not only have incisor and molar process but also some new characters discovered that they record for the first time in the world.

Prevalence of theileriosis in cattle’s on ShahreKord city in spring and summer and autumn 1380. Theileria is a protozon parasite witch infects a wide range of vertebrate including cattle and sheep and other ruminants. In the present study, 390 blood smears from cattle’s of different regions of Shahr-e-Kord were collected. The gismo standing technique was applied for identification of schisont or piroplasma forms in the blood smear. The result indicated that, 4.9% of the cattle were positive. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of theileriosis between female and male. The highest rate of infection was observed in spring (8.65%) and among calves with to one year old (9%). The holeshtain breed was the more infected to theilersis to other breeds with range (22.5%) and then was the more infected holeshtain / native breed with range (5 %) and in the end was infected hatire breeds with range (1 %). The highest rate of infections was observed on KianShahr (1% ) and the lowest rote of infection was observed on Sarteshniz (1.5 % ).

Bandar Lengeh is one of the important areas of algal distribution in coast of Hormozgan province (Persian Gulf). The investigation carried out along coastal lines of this area from sept. 2001 to Aug. 2002. In the survey productivity and ecologicalpreferences of the dominant species of brown algae include Cystoseira myrica, Sargassum boveanum, Padina australis, and Colpomenia sinusa were studied along the coast of the area. Tree station were selected for the study and the total biomass of brown algae (gr dw / m2/ year) of the tree station were 27357 (station 1), 10860 (station 2) and 6462 (station 3) respectively the result showed that the above species are main biomass producer of brown algae at the area. Each species have specific temporal and spatial distribution. Substratum, depth, temperature, light and tide levelare main factors influencing the productivity and distribution of the species.

Mastitis is one of the most costly and troublesome diseases among other diseases of dairy cows. Diagnosis of the disease in the subclinical form is very important since in such cases the qualitative as well as the quantitative value of the milk is reduced. In addition, in the sub clinical form a major art ofthe cow's udder has already been affected. Therefore, it should be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible. Among the wide variety of diagnostic tests, the california mastitis test is of special important diagnosis of the subclinical mastitis at the dairy farm. In view of the easiness with which this test is carried out, it is today widely applied as a screening test in industrial cattle farms for searching and identifying subclinical mastitis. Study of the sensitivity and specificity of CMT for diagnosis of subclinical mastitis and also how far this test matches the bacterial culture and somatic cell count was the aim of this study. In order to achieve these goals, 268 milk specimens were obtained in an absolutely hygienic manner prior to milking of the cows in sterile universal tubes for bacteriological culture and the same number in small plastic bottles to be sent for cellular count.Plastic bottles contained little potassium dichromate which protect cells found in milk up to their count time. The number of positive culture specimens was 143 for positive CMT's and 27 for negative CMT's. The number of negative specimens was 38 for positive CMT's and 6 for negative CMT's. The separated bacteria existing in the samples included E. coli,b and non-hemolytic Staphylococi, b and non-haemolytic Streptococi Bacillus and Klebsiella. Based on the results obtained from SCC in comparison with +3, +2, +1 and negative CMT's has an SCC on average equal to 7190000, 1930000, 1240000 and 154000 respectively. As a final conclusion, sensitivity and specificity of CMT compared with culture and SCC, was 84.1 per cent and 97.5 per cent, p1.22 per cent and 79.6 per cent respectively.

study was carried out to determine the rate of infection of horse with equine Herpes virus 1 and equine herpes virus 4 in during a 6 months from summer to the winter of the 2002. 174 serum samples were taken from different horses in Chahannahal & Bakhtiary province of Iran. All of the samples were tested by indirect ELISA and we have determine 68 positive samples with EHV-1 (%39.08) and 120 positive samples due to EHV-4 (%68.96). The rate of infection with EHV-1 in summer %41.17 and in autumn %33.33 was determined. In summer season the infection rate with EHV-4 was %59.80and in autumn was %81.94. In male horses the rate of infection with EHV-1 was %15.38, while the infection rate with EHV-4 was %30.76. In female horses the infection rate with EHV-1 was %40.99 and the rate of infection with EHV-4 was %72.04. The rate of infection of horses which they had respiratory problems in the past was %41.79 with EHV-1 and in the horses that did not have any record of respiratory disorders was %37.38. The infection rate with EHV- 4 for the horses which had the recorol of respiratory problems was %76.11 and it was %64.48 for the horses that did not have any respiratory disorders in the past. The horses less than one year old had %27.50 of infection with EHV-1. The horses that were five years old or more, the rate of infection with EHV-1 was %62.50. The infection rate with EHV-4 for the horses less than one year old was %62.50, but the horses which were four years old, the rate of infection with EHV-4 was %74.28. When Chi- square test and Fisher's exact test were done, factors like, season, sexand record of respiratory problems, caused significant difference in the rate of infection with EHV-1, but these factors did not have any effect on the rate of infection with EHV-4.

A study on longtail tuna (Thumus tonggol) in the Perisan Gulf and Oman Sea based on 728 fishes showed that no significant difference with 95% coefficient of confidence in sex ratio for males and females. The mature size for female was in 73.3cm fork length. For females two spawing seasons estimated. Major spawing was in summer with peak in August. Fecundity of females ranging in size from 70 to 87cm fork length varied 1 to 2.5 million. Qualitive analysis of stomach contents revealed that sardines, digested small fishes, anchovies and squids were eaten by longtail tuna.

This investigation was carried out to study the effects of different levels of barley and strainon egg-yolkcholesterol. Sixty laying hens, (30 native hens and 30 cross-breds) were used. Native hens similar to cross-breds were divided into three groups (10 hens per replication). Levels of replaced barley were zero, 15% and 30% in a com-soybean meal basal diet. Therefore six treatments (2 strain X 3ration) with ten replications considered in a completely randomized design for 6 weeks. The birds had free access to feed and water during experimental period. The results indicated that strain and interaction of strain and levels of substitution had a significant effect (p<0.05) on egg cholesterol. But barley inclusion had not significant effect on egg cholesterol. Yolk weight had a significant effect (p<0.001) on egg cholesterol. The results obtained showed that brley has not effect on egg cholesterol.

The study was conducted to identify the helminth parasites of Barboid fisher from two larger Rivers, Tadjan and Zarernrood from september 2001 to august 2002. In this study, 162 specimens were captured by set net and electro fishing. There were Barbus mursa (n=125), B. lacerta (n=21) and B. capito (n=16). From 164 fishes 55% were infected by different parasitic worms. Collected parasites in B. mursa include: Rhabdochona hellichi, Bothriocephalus gowkongensis (in gut) and Paradiplozoon homoion (in gill ) and from B. lacerta: Rhabdochona hellichi, Bothriocephalus gowkongensis, Pseudocapillaria tomentosa, Allocreadium isoporum (in gut) and Paradiplozoon homo ion (in gill) and from B. capito : R. hellichi and Pseudocapillaria tomentosa. Paradiplozoon homo ion is the first report in barboid fishes of Iranian Caspian Sea area.

The most important point considered in this research was determining the degree of infection caused by BVD virus and also examining the intervention of influential factors in it. The study was conducted during the time between winter 1380 and summer 1381 on 270 whole blood samples collected from cows living in different areas of Shahr -e-Kord Township. After performing Immuno Capture ELISA test, it was found out that 17 cows out of 270 (%6.29) showed positive reaction. The degree of infection in the male sex was estimated %0 and in females %6.58. %8.57 of the cows which had previous record of respiratory problems were diagnosed positivity the ELISA test. The degree of pesti virus infection in 107 female cows which had previous abortion record was equal to %8.41.7 cows out of 100(%7) which had the previous permanent diarrhea record were positive.%28.57 of cows having close contact with sheep had pest virus persistent infection. The least degree of infection was estimated %4.54 for the group above 5 years old and the largest degree of it for under 12 month old group was estimated %8.10 of infection. The statistical analysis of the data was determined by Chi-Squar and Fisher exit test. There existed a meaningful difference between the degree of pestivirus infection in cows and the sex, previous record of abortion, permanent diarrhea and the cows close contact with the herd of sheep.

During May 1998 up to October 2002, serotyping and antibiotic sensitivity of salmonellae isolates from commercial chickens and domestic pigeons submitted to Razi fustitute were carried out. One hundred-eleven salmonella salmples were isolated from commercial chickens affected by yolk sac infection, growth retardation, arthritis and respiratory sings and from domestic pigeons suspected to salmonellosis using standard methods. One hundred-eleven salmonellae were serogrouped and serotyped with specific antisera.Salmonellae isolates belonged to serogroups D1(84.26%), B(8.33%) and C1(7.41%). The salmonella serotypes isolated from chickens were enteritidis (78.7%), typhimurium (7.4%), S.II belonging to serogroup Cl (3.7%), nigeria (2.8%), rostock (1.85%), Montevideo  .93%), eko (.93%), naestved (.93%), moscow (.93%), blegdam (.93%) and S.II belonging to serogroup D1 (.93%). Two isolates from pigeons were S. enteritidis and one isolate was S.II belonging to serogroup C1. The isolates were tested for drug sensitivity with 32 different antimicrobials. All of the tested Salmonella were resistant to lincomycin, novobiocin, erythromycin, penicillin, bacitracin, tylosin, tiamulin and all of the tested salmonella were susceptiple to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, ceftiofur, ceftizoximeand flurphenicol. The percentages of salmonella susceptible to amikacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin,linco- spectin,sulfamethoxazol-trimethoprim, flumequine, streptomycin, neomycin, enrofloxacin, furazolidone, cephalexin, nalidixic acid, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, tetrcycline, nitrofurantoin, amoxicillin, ampicillin furaltadone and colistin were 97.6% , 92.3%, 92.1%, 84.7%, 83.3%, 65.6%, 64.9%, 63.6%, 61.8%, 46%, 44.9%, 25.4%, 20.5%, 20%, 19.8%, 16.4%, 12.4%, 11.1%,4.7% and 1.5%, respectively. Because of the increased acquired resistance against the regular antibiotics, medication alone is not enough to control the salmonella infections in poultry and even causes problems in poultry industry and public health.

Ninty nine gold fish were disinfected by 3% satin solution and subsequently were divided to three group with 33 fish in each group. Group one served as control and group 1 and 2 allocated as experimental groups received 2ppm and 5 ppm concentration of detergent for 21 days, respectively. Necropsy was performed on all fish. Histopathlogical examination of livers in group2 revealed, zonal hepatic necrosis, picnosis and eosinophilic appearance of cells, venul thrombosis, bile duct hyperplasia, congestion and sever hemorrhage and mononuclear cells infiltration. In the kidneys, congestion, sever wide spread hemorrhage and hyaline casts were observed.