Year:2006 | Volume:19 | Issue:(72 IN AGRONOMY AND HORTICULTURE)|Papers Count:17

Agricultural research system in its goal pursues on-time, real and transparent responsibility to the problems and expectations of the research stakeholders and users. In this area it cannot completely respond to problems and expectations because of many constraints such as time, cost, and facilities and so on. Thus managers and authorities always face to the necessity to optimize the responsibility of that system as a challenge. In this paper Analytical hierarchical process (AHP) as a well known multi criteria decision making method that combines qualified and quantified criterions was implemented in the research institute for the modification and provision of sugar beet seed. Therefore we examined the priority setting literature and methods in the agricultural research, so identified some decision making criteria. We then draw the decision making tree and extracting the research programs priorities for this institute. Required data was gathered through pair wise comparison questionnaires filled by the experts and researchers. Finally we used Expert Choice software to analysis and determine the priorities. Based on results criteria of stability development, scientific development, research possibility and economic development with respective weight 0.374, 0.304, 0.194, and 0.159 are the most important criteria for the institute. Besides protect genetic resource, protect baseline resource, achieve to knowledge and technology, and reach to new products and services with respective weight 0.14, 0.136, 0.131, and .113 are the most important criteria in this study.

The citrus thrips are especially common on different citrus varieties in subtropical areas. There are several different citrus thrips species on citrus varieties in the world. In this study, to identify the different citrus thrips species and their distribution, the adult thrips were collected from different citrus varieties and weeds in the citrus orchards of Jiroft and Kahnooj. After preparations of samples, they were studied by helping of suitable keys. Results showed that the collected species are belonging to two families, e.g. Thripidae and Phlaeothripidae. Five species were identified, such as: Scirtothrips citrii, Thrips tabasi, Odontothrips confuses, Haplothrips flavicinctus and Thrips meridionalis. Also it was found that, S. citrii is the predominant species in these areas. Except at north of Jiroft, where is named Dalfard. In this place Thrips tabaci was found in relatively high density on different citrus varieties.

Six varieties of annual medics were sown either by deep pressing seeder (used in dry farming systems) or centrifuge sowing system, to evaluate the effect of sowing methods on their seed bank reserves and biological yield. A split plots design was used where annual medics were assigned to the main plots and sowing methods to the sub plots. The experiment was carried out in Khoram Abad Weather Station for two years (2001-2002). The data were statistically analyzed using a complete block design with three replications. Sowing the seeds by deep pressing seeder enhanced faster germination, better establishment and an optimum plant population which resulted in a significant increase in biologic yield, seed yield and better soil seed bank reserves compared to centrifuged sowing method. Medicago truncatula Var. Caliph produced the highest seed bank reserve among other medic varieties while Medicage regidula var.Regidula was the best biological yield producer. However, Regidula variety could not produce a rich seed bank reserve because of longer growing period and d generative growth stage.

Brown spot is one of the most important seedborne diseases of rice . Two species of fungus including B. oryzae and B. victoriae were previously record as the causal agent of disease in Guilan province. The study on 342 isolates of its fungus collected from rice fields of Guilan, revealed that besides the above species two other species including B. indica and B. bicolor, were reported as causal agent of the disease. The basis of identification was morphological characteristics such as color of the colonies, shape, color and size of conidia and conidiophores, the process of conidium formation and pattern of conidium germination. B. victoriae was the most abundant species in Guilan, and B. oryzae, B. bicolor and B. indica were the subsequent species, respectively. Pathogenicity test on these four species was applied on seedlings of rice in dessicator, which revealed the pathogenicity of the species and their ability to cause brown spot on rice. 180 isolates of 342 isolates were studied by PCR-RFLP. In order to do PCR-RFLP, two groups of primers and three restriction enzyme were applied .At first, the DNA of all isolates was isolated, and was amplified in thermocycler. Cluster analysis using UPGMA method gaved four DNA fingerprinting groups in relation to B. victoriae, B. oryzae, and B. bicolor and B. indica with the abundance of 85%, 10%, 3% and 2%, respectively. Levels of polymorphism were observed between DNA of different isolates as this polymorphism was observed either between or within species. The pattern of DNA bands couldn’t show the direct correlation between polymorphism and climates or geographical areas. Therefore, application PCR-RFLP is useful for identification of the fungi at the species level and can provide good results for further studies including introduction of resistant varieties.

Various aspects of drip (tape) irrigation method were evaluated on wheat. Economic evaluation and water productivity of this method were also compared with the traditional method of irrigation (surface irrigation) in water limited area of Kermanshah, Iran. Lateral length (m), lateral space (cm), and limited irrigation based on water requirement of irrigated wheat in the area, and several other morphological traits were studied in a Strip-Split plot design during 2002-03 in, Kermanshah. The results revealed that in tape irrigation the most efficient treatment was 70-40-90 (lateral distances (cm) - %water requirement - lateral length (m)). Significant differences observed between tape and surface irrigation methods. Though economic evaluation based on benefit/cost ratio revealed that the surface irrigation method is more economic, but the water productivity of drip irrigation (2.57) was almost doubled with compared to the surface irrigation (1.38), which is very important in water limited areas such as dry lands. Feasibility of this method in wheat is also presented in this paper.

Damask rose is the most important medicinal and aromatic plant from economical point of view. Micro propagation of this species is important for orchard establishment with known amount of essential oil and for breeding purposes. Therefore, effects of basic culture media (MS and WPM) and different concentrations of cytokinin and auxin hormones on in vitro propagation of Damask rose were investigated. Summer and autumn were the best time to collect explants. The most proper sterilization method was using cholorid mercuric 0.1% solution for five minutes. All explants were sterilized with above described method. Shoot proliferation was superior on MS than in WPM media. The best growth regulator combinations were 5 and 0.1 mgl-1 respectively. IAA and IBA had less effect on shoot proliferation. This research developed the method of shoot proliferation with 5.9 multiplication rate in ِDamask rose through auxillary buds.

In order to evaluate and classify morphological and morpho-physiological traits of bread wheat genotypes in drought and non-drought stress conditions 567 bread wheat genotypes were sown in modify augmented design with four replications. Two replications were considered as drought condition and two as non-drought. Factor analysis based on principal component analysis method and varimax rotation indicated that four important factors accounted for about 89.6 and 87.5 percent of the total variation among traits in drought and non-drought stress conditions, respectively. In drought stress condition, the first factor assigned 42.8 percent of total variation between traits and was significantly related with spike yield and it’s components. Therefore, this factor was regarded as spike seed yield factor. Other factors in drought stress condition accounted for 20, 17 and 10 percent of variation between traits and were entitled as plant seed yield, spike density and assimilate transmission factors, respectively. In non-drought stress condition, the first factor assigned 35 percent of total variation between traits and was significantly related with traits plant and spike seed yield, plant and spike harvest index, No. seed/spike and plant height. This factor was regarded as plant seed yield factor. Other factors in non-drought stress condition accounted for 25.5, 16.6 and 11 percent of variation between traits and were entitled as production, assimilate transmission and spike density factors, respectively. Overall, results revealed effect of different environments on extracted factors, percent of variation accounted for by factors and traits related with each factor.

A field experiment was carried out based on common method in agricultural section. It was done at Iran silkworm researches center in 2000-2001 to study the effects of watering regimes (irrigation at T1= 0% or control, T2=60%, T3=80%, T4=100%, T5=120% and T6=140% on the basis of the moisture lost by evaporation from class A pan.)on leaf yield (kg/tree), branch yield (kg/tree), leaf and branch yield(kg/tree), No. leaf per length unit of branch(No./m), length of branch(m)and surface area of leaf(m2); using 15-20 year-old mulberry (Morus bombycis cv.Kenmochi.) under a complete randomized block design with six treatments each in three replications(each plot in 2m´×5m including six trees.). The results showed that all characters (except of length of branch and surface area of leaf) were non significant. Where as means comparison (DMRT) of corresponded characters (except of No. of leaf per length unit of branch) were significant in 5%level. So that irrigated treatments (especiallyT5 and T6) had high efficiency (P<0.05).

The genus salsola is the greateast genus in subfamily of salsoloideae containig 100 species. The somatic chromosome number was 2n = 18 in S. incanescens, S. dendroides, S.turkestanica and 2n = 36 in S. kali, S. crassa and S. tomentosa. The choromosome are small and it makes difficulty in horologes identification. The karyotype formula is 2n = 2x = 36 = 22M + 8 m + 6 sm for S. kali, 2n = 2x = 36 = 14M + 16 m + 6 sm for S. crassa , 2n = 2x = 36 = 14M + 20 m +2 sm for S. tomentosa , 2n = 2x =18 = 10 M + 6m + 1 sm for S. turkestanica, 2n = 2x = 18 = 4M + 14m for S. incanescens, 2n = 2x = 18 = 6M +12m for S. dendroides.

Participation of farmers in the financing of extension services is rapidly becoming a new paradigm in discussion of rural development policy. The purpose of this survey was to study the farmers’ desire to pay for extension services.Their need to information. Respondents Group of the study was farmers who grow cotton in Varamin Province (Located in Tehran province). 294 farmers selected through stratified random sampling method. Gathering data instrument was a questionnaire completed through interview. Cronbach α for the main part of Questionnaire- assessing farmers’ desire to pay for extension services- was 0.76. Findings showed that if there be a contracting system to ensure farmers about services’ profitability, they will agree with participation in financing agricultural extension services .Effective factors on farmers desire to pay for agricultural extension services were: farmers’ age, education, experience, the amount of cultivated area and

Seedilng operation under dryland condition is different from irrigated lands, because of the importance of keeping soil moisture for better seedling emergence and crop establishment. That is why press wheels are used in such seeders for increasing seed/soil contact. To investigate the effects of the combination of press wheel weight and soil moisture on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedling emergence and crop establishment under dryland farming conditions, a field experiment was conducted at Andika region, which is located on the north of Misjid Solaiman, Khouzistan province, in 2003. A factorial complete block design was applied with three levels of soil moisture 7.1%, 14.3% and 20.6% and four levels of press wheel weight which were 5.4, 8.3, 10.2 and 10.5 kg/cm of press wheel width. Soil physical properties of the seedbed including soil moisture and bulk density were recorded. The rate of seedling emergence was varied by the combination effects of soil moisture and resulted compacted soil under dryland farming. This rate was significantly higher (p≤0.05) where the combination of 14.3% soil moisture and the amount of 5.4kg/cm weight of press wheels was used. The rate of emergence was significantly lower (p≤0.05) where the combination of 20.6% soil moisture and the amount of 10.5 kg/cm weight of press wheel were applied. The rate of 85% seedling emergence was the highest (p≤0.01) where 14.3% of soil moisture was determined, whereas the lowest seedling emergence was measured 60.5% where the amount of soil moisture was 20.6%. Also, the wheel weight of 10.5kg/cm width of press wheel showed the lowest seedling emergence compared to other weights was used. The variable and adjustable wheel weight related to the amount of available soil moisture was shown a better rate of seedling emergence compared to a fixed amount of press wheel weight.

The effects of sole and mixed cropping of different annual medic cultivars on biomass and seed bank reserves were investigated in Climatic Research Station of Khoramabad during 2001 and 2002. The treatments were statistically evaluated in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The treatments consisted of sole and different paired combinations (50:50) of 6 annual medic species in mixed cropping system. Mixed cropping was superior to sole cropping because of better biomass production and stronger seed bank leading to a better re-establishment of annual medic pasture in a ley-farming system. Mixed cropping of Medicago truncatulla cv. Caliph with Medicago scutellata cv. Robison was the most successful treatment in regard to biomass as well as seed production. However, Medicago truncatulla cv. Caliph produced the highest seed yield in sole cropping among the other cultivars.

This experiment was conducted for studying the effects of plant density and nitrogen fertilizer levels on the yield of onion (Allium cepa L.) Primavera variety in Jiroft during 1999-2000. The experiment was split plot design in basis of RCBD design with three replications. The main factor was five levels of pure nitrogen application (0- 45- 90- 135- 180 kg ha-1 ) and density as the subplot in four levels (250- 500- 667- 1000 thousand plants/ ha). The results of the first year showed that the levele of both factors had significant effect at %1 level. The highest yield obtained of 135 kg ha-1 N application and 667000 plants ha-1. In this year the N5D3 treatment had the highest yield (57.57 T ha- 1). The results of the second year showed that the experimental factors had significant effect on the yield, too. In this year N application as much as 135 kg ha-1 and densities of 667 and 1000 thousand plant ha-1 had the highest yield. The results of combined analysis showed that the highest yield (73.45 T ha-1) obtained by using of 180 kg ha-1 pure nitrogen and in density of 667 thousand plant/ha (plant density 15 × 10 cm). This result can be recommended for Jiroft region.