Year:2008 | Volume:21 | Issue:2 (79 IN NATURAL RESOURCES)|Papers Count:24

This study was done for haloxylon plantation effect on richness and similarity understory in Ardestan area. For this purpose after collect basic information and visit that from haloxylon plantation. Two haloxylon plantation area with the ages ranging from 10-15 years and to >25 years and one reference area for sampling were selected. In each area to used random- systematic method for count number species and count number of individuals (each species in quadrat 1×1 meteres). So indicators distribution, richness and similarity in each area calculated and used for analysis of variance this indicators research in each of areas. Results showed that haloxylon culture on distribution understory species didnot effect significant, maximum species richness occurs in area haloxylon plantation to ranging to ages 10-15 and minimum species richness in reference area. Among the richness indicators, Menhinick index was significant to Margalef index and will be normal index for this area. Also results showed that maximum species similarity in area haloxylon plantation to age >25 years and minimum species similarity in area haloxylon plantation to ranging ages 10-15 years. Among the similarity indicators, Horn, Jaccard Coefficient, Morisita, Baroni-urbani and Buser coefficient and Sorensen Coefficient indicators were normal indcies for this area beacase this indicators showed up sensitive for this area to Simple Matching Coefficient index.

Floodwater spreading is an efficient and appropriate method for the optimization of runoff utilization, particularly in arid and semiarid region. Beside the reduction of damage caused by the floodwater, this technique would also be useful in the artificial recharge of groundwater, rangeland rehabilitation and desertification control. This research was conducted on the effects of floodwater spreading on some of the characteristics of vegetation and soil surface parameters. Two key areas were selected within and outside floodwater spreading in the Gareh Bygone plain. Three transects of 100 m were selected on each key area and 30 random plots of 4 m2 were sampled systematically. Canopy coverage and density of different species were measured using plots and production was measured by double sampling method. To assess the soil characteristics, 6 profiles were dug along each transects, which 3 of them was under story and the other was outside of canopy coverage of shrubs. Statistical results indicated that floodwater spreading have significant effect on canopy cover and production. So density of dominant shrub (Helianthemum lippii) was significantly increase in floodwater spreading area (p<0.05). Floodwater spreading significantly reduces the pH but increased the electrical conductivity, Organic matter and total nitrogen in the soil surface (p<0.05).

Noticing to correct management in order to reduce drought effects which are necessary in development of regions as well as for planning and application of preventing measurements to combating with drought phenomenon. Drought forecasting needs an efficient knowledge in meteorology and hydrology. In the present study, low flows with 30 duration days were calculated in Tehran watersheds.13 gauges with optimum condition were selected for this research. Log Pearson type 3 distributions were fitted for data and the amount of flows were determined for different return periods. Drought duration and its corresponding severity were derived based on truncation level of weibul method, the values of flows for considered truncation levels as 10 to 95 percent were derived. Monthly flows were deducted from truncation values and the negative values selected as drought identifications. Then, drought severities were obtained for different durations. The results show that the flows of 100 years return period, which were identified based on the log Pearson type 3 distribution, are practically nearly nil on the other hand, flows in drought periods using the truncation method are gradually decreasing with an increase in truncation level. The flows of 90 percentages are approximately equal to those of 2 years return period of droughts defined by the log Pearson type 3 distribution. It is also shown that there is a strong correlation between drought duration and severity. As the increasing truncation level, the drought severity will rise. Thus, the water management operations can be started from lower levels of drought severity. This can prepare enough opportunity to control of flow as well as to adjust it.

Wood extraction from the cutting areas to the roadside has the highest expenses of the whole logging operations. This research deals with this matter and studies the production and cost rates of TAF skidder in cut-to-length system. The study was carried out in Kheyroudkenar Educational and Experimental Forest Station at Nowshahr, Iran. Using continuous time studies, the effective factors of skidding including skidding and winching distance, volume, slope, number of logs and tree species were identified and recorded. Overall, 44 turns were recorded on timberjack, and the collected data were analyzed and skidding models were developed. The results showed that the production rates for Timberjack were 8.22 m3/hr (including delay times) and 8.88 m3/hr (no delays). Production costs were 66674 and 61746 rials/m3 respectively. Changing the amounts of each variable when the others were fixed, showed that increasing each variable for timberjack has a linear increase in cost except only increasing the annual utilization for timberjack, the cost showed a parabola.

Undesirable effect of erosion may not be significant in short time, but it will be clear on long time. Erosion and soil losse. are the main concerns decrease soil fertility and yield production, deposition materials in waterways, irrigation channels and rivers, declining dam capacity, flooding and environmental pollution and closing roads. This research was performed using satellite data and GIS technique in Ziarrat watershed in Golestan province covered 98.7 km2 areas in order to estimate soil erosion and sediment yield. MPSIAC model evaluates erosion and sediment yield in hydrologic units by means of nine environmental factors derived geology, soil, run off, climate topography, surface cover, land use, surface and river erosion. For this purpose, the information layers dependent on model were made by GIS and finally sediment yield was determined 22043.79 ton/year using of spatial assessments and information layers overlapping. Soil erosion rate calculated by SDR (sediment delivery ratio) value, and erosion value was obtained 698.58 ton/year. Qualitative soil loss classification indicated that a large of watershed area was classified in to moderate erosion class based on MPSIAC model. Watershed sediment load was reported 18582.23 ton/year by hydrometric station. correlation of recorded results in hydrometric station with obtained results of model (Especially in inaccessible area) suggested that the findings of this model can be used in the study watershed for management especially in inaccessible contents.

In this research the effects of acetylation on physical properties of medium density fiber board (MDF) were investigated. Sample boards were made from acetylated poplar fibers, which were treated with different weight percent gains (WPG) of 0, 2.22, 15.97, and 19.08%) at two press temperatures (170 & 185oC). The results were analyzed based on a complete randomized design (CRD) under a factorial experiment with two factors (WPG & press temperature). Results revealed that the acetylation decreased moisture absorption in the boards made from acetylated fibers. As it was determined, the moisture absorption in the boards made from acetylated fibers with the highest WPG (19.08%) was measured 44.58, 42.24, 36.93 and 39.36% at relative humidities of 33, 50, 70 and 96%, respectively. It was revealed that the acetylation increased ASE in MDF boards. The acetylation reduced water absorption and thickness swelling in the MDF boards after soaking in water for 2 and 24 hours. Concerning the results, moisture absorption was determined 42.63% in the acetylated boards (19.08% WPG) and 89.98% in the untreated boards. The ASE was measured as 78.22 and 65.17% in acetylated boards with the highest WPG after 2 and 24 hours of soaking in water, respectively. Also, it was indicated that increasing of press temperature reduced moisture absorption in the boards. The research results showed that the acetylation enhances physical properties in the medium density fiberboard.

Prunus mahaleb L. is used as a principal rootstocks for sweet and sour cherries in Iran. This study was conducted for optimization of micropropagation in four selected dwarf mahaleb (Prunus mahaleb L.) genotypes. The influences of type and concentration of plant growth regulators on bud explants of mahaleb were studied. The statistical design was factorial adopted completely randomized design with 5 replicate. Explants were taken in end of Winter. For disinfection, they were dipped in 70% ethanol for 30 s followed by immersion in 0.1, 0.2 or 0.3% of mercuric chloride for 2 or 4 minutes. Application of 0.2% mercuric chloride solution for 2 minute was the most effective way for surface sterilization of the explants. Satisfactory stabilization of aseptic culture was achieved in 40-60 days. After three subcultures of each 21 days, on different proliferating media. The highest rooting percentage was obtained with MS supplemented with 1mgl-1 BAP and 1mgl-1 GA3 during proliferation. Proliferation was greatly influenced by genotypes. The best results were obtained in MS supplemented with 0.8mgl-1 IBA. The rooting percentage of four selected dwarf mahaleb ranged from 1.5 to 43.2%, depending on genotype and IBA concentration in the rooting media.

Rosa damascena Mill. commonly known as rose plant belonging to the family rosaceae, is an important aromatic plant. This plant has been cultivated in Iran from many years ago. Due to the literature review, distillation of rose and obtaining rose water was done in Iran for the first time. In this investigation, the oil yield and composition of petals and the other parts of flowers were compared. The results showed the oil of rose petals has the best quantity and quality (high percentage of geraniol and citronellol) and the lowest percentage of waxes. While, trace amount of geraniol and citronellol were found in the oils of other flower parts of Rose, but the amount of waxes was high. Some components like geranyl acetone, methyl eugenol, hexadecanol and heneicosane thet were not found in the petal oil or found in small content, were found in the oil of other parts of rose flower at high amount. So, for oil preparation, using the petals without other parts of flower is recommended.

This research carried out for 3 years in order to study minerals status of range plant in the different climates of Ilam province. There are 1700000 hectare rangeland in Ilam province and located in the Zagros central with 6 climates include middle warm desert (1), low warm desert (2), dry moderate (3), semi dry moderate (4), semi dry cooled (5) and semi humid cooled (6). The amount samples taken from different climates1 to 6 were 6, 5, 3, 3, 7 and 7 respectively, along grazing season for 4 time each years. In each area range 3 stockman were chosen randomly and taken 15 plot (1×1) in their ranges. Samples after drying in room were mixed, consequently 124 samples analyzed basis of method A.O.A.C for minerals. The minerals were Ash, Ca. P. Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn. The results showed that climates had significant effects (p<0.01) on Ash, K, Mn and Cu, had not significant effects on Ca, P, Mg, Fe and Zn. Average of K, Mn and Cu were higher in climates 1, 2 and 3 respectively. There were significant differences (p<0.01) between 3 years for all minerals exception Ash. Average of Ca, Mg, K, Fe and Cu were higher (p<0.01) than the requirments of ruminants in all climates.

In order to investigate the effect of UV-irradition on motality of spore vegetative and producing bacterium and fungis, various doses of UV-irradiation was applied. Optimum dose of UV-C irradiation on mutation induction in bacteria, as well as effect of various shields on UV-blockage, was investigated. The Escherichia coli and Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria exposed to various doses of 254 nm. UV radiation Effects of lowest doses, (11J/m2), and highest doses of UV irradiation on survival of bacterial cells evaluated. B. thuringiensis compare to that of E. coli, exhibited high level of tolerance against the UV irradiation. 200 J/m2 of UV irradiation did not have adverse effect on B. thuringiensis, however, survival cells of the bacterium decreased from 260 J/m2, and number of survival cells fall bellow Log1 at 3000J/m2. In E. coli, UV irradiation dose of 170 J/m2, decreased number of survival cells up to 5log. Spores and micellium of penicillium fungi, in compare to those of the bacteria, showed a high level of tolerance to UV irradiation. At 18000 J/m2, few survival colonies of the fungi observed on solid medium. The effect of various shields on penetration of UV was investigated. Anti–UV Low Density Poly Ethylene (LDPE) and 1mm thick glass, completely prevented penetration of UV beam. However, ordinary LDPE shields, having various thickness, did not have significaut effect on penetration of UV beam. In this relation, 6μl LDPE did not have effect on penetration of UV beam. 88 J/m2 UV irradiation caused mutation on E. coli bacterium and rifampin resistant colonies achieved. However, 480 J/m2 UV irradiation did not produce mutated B. thuringiensis cells, with characteristic of disable to produce bacterial spores.

Decision making is a complex process with respect to different factors that should be considered in site selection of groundwater dams. These criteria include technical, environmental and socio-economic criteria. The study area is located in the northern slopes of the Karkas mountains. Construction of groundwater dams in dry rivers is one of the suitable ways for providing and development of water reservoir. In this research, we introduce a three step decision support system for groundwater dam’s site selection. In the first step, screening is done with using exclusionary criteria and 27 suitable areas are recognized. In the second step, the best gorge is recognized in each potential area. Then evaluation criteria for evaluating different groundwater dam sites are defined and with the assistance of analytical hierarchy process, as a powerful tool for decision making in multi-criteria evaluations, the most suitable sites for more detail research have been determined.

Regarding the importance of water in the life of human being and all other living beings, water deficiency has always been one of the big problems, especially in today society. Destruction of agriculture that will certainly result in economic problems, decreasing of family’s income, inoccupation, and finally immigration in many social societies. Luckily, outbreak of this problem in recent years, set on many experts and authorities, to pay more attention to theis problem. Respecting the problem, many efforts have been done. It includes construction of many short earth dams in various places of Kerman province, in order to recharge the aquifers. This research is conducted to study the efficiency of the dams, in recent years. The short earth dam in basin of Dareh Morid was studied. In order to determining the amount of daily water infiltration, balance equation is used. Daily evaporation was measured by a class A evaporation pan, lateral water leakage by constructing drainage canal, and the entered water by a spillway. For measuring the changes of water level in the reservoirs, some gages were installed in various parts of the reservoirs and daily changes were recorded. The amount of water infiltration into the aquifers was calculated from the difference between the water balance value and the change of water level in the reservoir, in two successive days. One of the problems encountered with such dams, is sedimentation that often decreases the amount of water infiltration, and alter the reservoir into the evaporation pond. One of the aims of this study will be studying the trend of changes in the amount of water infiltration, during the years of usage of the dam. Therefore the amounts of infiltrated water in selected dams were measured. 40.80 and 29.74 % of entered water was infiltrated, and the sedimentation was 43.144 and 77.418 m3, during the first and second years, respectively. The result indicates a 27% of decrease in water infiltration. Generally, the results of such studies help the administrating organizations to make better decisions in management of such dams.

Flavonoids of some annual species of astragalus were analyzed by two dimentional paper chromatogaraphy. Totally, 108 flavonoid compounds extracted from 20 species, subspecies and varieties. Species similarity was investigated by UPGA (Unweighted Pair Group Average) method and Statistica software. The results show that: 1- Isolation of section Bucerates from other species is distinctive. 2- Section Sesamei, is considered as a heterogeneous section. 3- Similarity of flavonoids of Ophiocarpus (Bunge) Ikonn. with other species of genus Astragalus is confirmed.

Artemisia allelopathic quality which is a perennial plant and is related to compositeae family over the germination of seeds and the growth of Avena lodoviciana seedlings and Amaranthus retroflexus was considered in a series of examinations. The effect of each Artemisia growing parts (roots, stem and leaf) was examined separately. The tests were made in a completely randomized blocks with a factorial arrangement with four replications. First, thick aqueous extracts of each growing parts of Artemisia with 10 percent density (100 grams of the growing part per 1000 mililiter distilled water) were prepared and then aqueous extracts of zero, 20, 60 and 100 percent were made from each growing part, and the effect of each one over seeds germination and mentioned weed plants seedlings growth was taken into consideration. The results indicated a meaningful difference in 1 and 5 percent statistical level. The effect of different Artemisia aqueous extracts over the amount of germination and the length of young radical and coleoptile of Avena lodoviciana and raised Amaranthus retroflexus showed different and meaningful results. The analysis of their variance was performed with the use of MSTAT-C soft ware, and the Excel soft ware was used to draw the required charts, and the Duncan test was used to compare the data average. The results indicated that the effect of artemisia leaf aqueous extract on the germination and growth of Avena lodoviciana and Amaranthus retroflexus weed plant is more than other aqueous extracts of artemisia vegetative parts, and in comparison, the effect of artemisia leaf aqueous extract over the germination and growth of Avena lodoviciana seedlings is greater than of raised Amaranthus retroflexus weed plant.

In this study, leaf morphological attributes of Q. infectoria Oliv. (Aleppo oak) in Kurdestan forests were investigated due to obvious differences in leaf forms (Heterophylly) aimed at finding different appearances of leaf quantitative and qualitative attributes. Thus selecting 26 focal points ( 16 society in Bane and 10 society in Marivan areas), 390 leaf samples were collected and 13 morphological characteristics including 6 quantitative and 7 qualitative attributes were defined. Finally, observed data entered as inputs in a Nested Completely Randomized Design (CRD), for processing in Mstatc, Minitab and Genstat. The leaf quantitative resultes description show that leaf area and nerve number were the most and less variable attributes with ranges of 5.5-60 cm and 6- 15 pairs and CV=37% and 15%, respectively. Also, the qualitative results show that this species leaves have stellate tomentum or without hairs, which 90% of the samples were tomentose below and 55% were non- tomentose over. Blade was observed in 3 forms: obovate (96%), ovate and oblong. Margins forms were lobed (95%), siuate or entire. Leaf base was rounded, subcordate and attenuate, from which 63% had rounded base. Leaf apex forms were obtuse (%55) and rounded, also margine teeth apex forms were acute (73%) or rounded.

The alkaloids of solanaceae family have very medicinal usages. From these hyoscyamine and scopolamine are used as antispasmodic and mydriatic medicines. Hyoscyamus from solanaceae family with different species has specific medicinal value. In this research, Hyoscyamus reticulatus L. and Hyoscyamus pusillus L. are investigated for tropane alkaloids value. The plant material of H. reticulatus were collected during the end of flowering stage and beginning of fruit formation, from two regions of Tehran-Latyan dam and Ghazvin- Barajin and the plant material of H. pusillus were collected at the flowering stage from Qom. After extraction of tropane alkaloids from different parts of plants, distinctly, the tropane alkaloids value of L-hyoscyamine and (-)-scopolamine were assayed by HPLC. The results showed that L- hyoscyamine and (-)- scopolamine content varied in different parts of plants. L-hyoscyamine in all organs of H. reticulatus in two regions and (-)- scopolamine in different parts of H. pusillus were dominant alkaloids. Futthermore, the results of determination of tropane alkaloids value showed that, in Tehran region there was higher tropane alkaloids than Ghazvin.

One of the important parameters in design of coastal dykes is reinforcement of slope of body and base of dyke. In this paper, with pointing on two customary reinforcement methods of coastal dykes, the reinforcement of hendijan coastal dyke (with 40 kilometers length at Khozestan province) has investigated. In first method, geo-textile materials situated inside the slopes of dyke body horizontally. The length of geo-textile reinforcement materials and the spacing between layers have been investigated in more details. In second method, reinforce the dyke foundation by utilize a geo-textile layer over the foundation bed. In this method the effect of using reinforcement material in prevention the failure of dyke bed have been investigated. The results of these two methods has compared with each others. The First method is reinforcement by utilize geo-textile filaments in parallel layers in dyke body. The second method, utilize a layer of geo-textile in the bed of dyke. Presented analyzes simulated by PLAXIS FEM model (Developed by Delft University of Netherlands). Utilized different material parameters have used as for available materials at project site in south coasts of Iran. In this paper, decrease of lateral slope of dyke as for suitable stability, is most cared. The results of analysis indicate better efficiency and economic profit by utilize a layer of geo-textile in the bed of dyke. Because of poor soil layer material in dyke bed layer, the results show that using reinforce material in bed has more effect in final strength and endurance of the dyke.

The study was carried out to survey the effects of alfalfa sowing in rangelands on range condition, production and canopy cover at the part of Talesh mountainous of Matash areas. Considering the research objective, samples were taken from 1 area in which was sowing with alfalfa and 1 no sowing (control) area. To achieve the study purposes, range condition, canopy cover and production was estimating using valeur pastoral (VP) and plots in dimension of 11 meters with 30 replications, respectively. The results of range condition, percentage of canopy cover and production in two above–mentioned areas were then compared using VP and independed sample t–test, respectively. The results have shown that range condition in sowing area is excellent, whereas medium in other (control) area. The results have also shown that there is a significant difference in canopy cover and production in two study treatments at the confident level of 99%. The results of statistical analysis was also showed that the percentage of canopy cover and production was also found to be 30% and 3 folds more in case of sowing treatment compare to those no sowing (control) area that represented the difference of various management and role of rangeland restoration in improvement of vegetation quality and quantity.

This study was conducted to determinate of yield component relation with quantity and quality yield of isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk.) in dryland condition in 2004. Isabgol is an annual herb cultivated as a medicinal plant. The experiment was designed in a complete randomized block with three replications in Maraveh- Tapeh station, in north east of Golestan province. The treatments comprised: Three seeding rates: 2, 4 and 6 Kg/ha (20 Cm between and 4, 2 and 1.25 cm on rows respectively). Seed yield and four of its components, namely: Number of spikes per area (SP), number of seed per spike (SEP), 1000- seeds weight (SW) and shoot weight (SHW) were studied. Results indicated that seeding rates effect were significant on seed yield (p<0.05), SP (p<0.01), SEP (p<0.01) and SHW (p<0.05), but there were not significant SW and musilage content. SP was found to be an important component of seed yield and its relationship with seed yield was affected by seeding rate. SW unaffected by seeding rates but as a component of seed yield it was the least important of the three components measured. SP was as important as SEP as a component of seed yield, and was highly correlated with seed yield.

....was investigated in this study. The result showed that 336 species belonging to 160 genera and 54 families occur in this area. The main family is Chenopodiaceae (56 species) and Poaceae (52 species). The most of the identified species belong to Iran-turanian region. Biological types include therophytes 50.29%, hemicryptophytes 10.77%, chemeophytes 18.57%, geophytes 10.48% and phanerophytes 9.89%. From the view point of regional elements plants of this region include: 55.9% Irano-Touranian, 3.17% cosmic, Irano-Touranian and 5.4% Maditranean, 11.95% Irano-Touranian and Saharo-Sandian, 11.68% Irano-Touranian and Euro-Siberian, 5% Irano-Touranian, Mediterranian and Euro-Siberian, 2.8% Irano-Touranian, Saharo-Sindian and Meditranian, 4.3% Irano-Touranian, Euro-Siberian and Sahro-Sindian detrmined.