Year:2003 | Volume:16 | Issue:2 (59 IN AGRONOMY AND HORTICULTURE)|Papers Count:21

The effects of salinity and nitrogen nutrition on growth, protein content and prussic acid concentration of forage sorghum Var. Speed feed was determined in sand and hydroponics culture in greenhouse and growth chamber. The treatments were included two salinity levels (0,100 mM NaCl) and three nitrogen source (nitrate, ammonium and ammonium plus nitrate). The dry weight of roots, shoots and leaves, length of shoot, concentration of Na+, K+, protein and prussic acid in plants were determined after harvesting. The results indicated that salinity effect on all parameters was significant, whereas effects of Nnutrition and N+ salinity was significant only on roots, shoots and leaves dry weight and shoot length. Salinity induced significant reduction in plant growth protein and K+ concentration in shoots and roots. Salinity also resulted in increase of Na+ and prussic acid concentration of shoots. The prussic acid concentration was significantly lower in ammonium treatment without salinity than nitrate and ammonium plus nitrate treatments. Salinity induced significant increase in prussic acid concentration in ammonium feed plants compared with other N nutritions. The highest K+ concentration and the lowest Na+ concentration were observed in nitrate and ammonium plus nitrate treatments under salinity. Consequently lead to the lower toxicity. On the contrary, ammonium nutrition resulted in the higher accumulation of Na+ and consequently the higher toxicity that lead to protein reduction, prussic acid accumulation and ammonium toxicity. Without salinity, ammonium is the best N from nutrition. However, under salinity, nitrate and ammonium plus nitrate are recommended due to the higher protein and K+ concentration and the lower prussic acid further experiments are recommended to confirm these results.

In order to determine the effects of sowing date on yield and yield components of three wheat cultivars under climatic condition Neyriz region, a field experiment was carried out during 1995.A split plot design with four replication, was used in this experiment, main plot include four sowing date (6 th Nov., 21th Nov., 7Th Dec. 22th Dec.) and sub plot were included three wheat cultivars (Roushan, Falat and Ghods). The results showed that there was a significant effect between sowing dates and cultivars. The maximum grain yield (7616 Kg/ha) was obtained on sowing date of 21 th Nov. The grain yield of Falat (7000 kg/ha) was more than other cultivars. The cultivars showed on interaction with sowing dates significantly on grain yields that, the maximum (9155kg/ha) and the minimum (2370kg/ha) grain yield were obtained for Ghods cultivars on sowing date of 6 th Nov and Roushan cultivars on sowing date of 22Dec, significantly. Study of yield components of seed indicated that spike density, spicklet per spile, seed per spike number and seed weight were in minimum on 22 th Dec sowing date. Maximum of spick density, seed per spike and spike let per spike belonged to Falat cultivar.

In this research, total lipid, fatty acids, soap index and iodine index were determined by Soxhlt method, Gas chromatography and chemical methods in seed of several varieties of cucurbita, respectively. Then considering the result and using the multy variable statistical methods these varieties were studied and compared chemo taxonomically. Conclusionly four main of fatty acids, including, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids; were observed in four studied plant. Range of oleic acid was between 75.98- 81.84% and linoleic acid was between 12.1 -16.5%. In addition another fatty acid, myristic acid, (3.88%) was measured in kaghazi. variety from cucurbita pepo, which is absent in other plants. In study of chemical characteristics of seed oil, soap index were measured by titermetry method and iodine.

In order to assessing of forage productivity and morphological traits in annual ryegrass germplasm, an experiment was conducted at Alborz Research Center, Karaj, Iran. Seedlings of 20 genotypes (diploid and tetraploids) were transplanted in the field. Each row plot contains five spaced plants were established using a complete blocks design with three replications. Forage dry matter yield, basal cover, ear emergence date, pollination date, tiller number per plant, tiller height and persistency were assessed over five and two cuts for 2000 and 2001, respectively. The data were collected and analyzed for annual dry matter yield and annual average of morphological traits for each year. The data were also analyzed as split plot in time over the two years. There were significant differences among genotypes for all of characters in each year. The results indicate the presence of useful genetic variation for Italian ryegrass germplasm. For ear emergence date, there was 11 days interval between the early and the late maturity genotypes. The accessions of 1216 (France) and 390 (Italy) had the earliest and the latest ear emergence date, respectively. For annual matter yield, accessions of 1254 (Australia), 1448 (USA) with an average of 11.5 tons/ha and 1216 (France) and LM-VI (Russia) with 6.5 tons/ha had the highest and the lowest forage production per year, respectively. There were significant differences between cuts for all of traits in both year. Dry matter production was decreased over cuts in both years. The first cuts of each year had about 50 and 90 percent of total annual dry matter yield for 2000 and 2001 respectively. This trend was the same for plant heights and tiller number per plants. The accession 1765 (Netherlands) had a good seasonal distribution for forge production. In combined analysis over two years, the effect of genotypes, year and genotypes 'x year interaction effects were significant for all traits. The effects of ploidy level on forage production and morphological traits were also studied. Although tetraploids had higher production in some cuts but there were no significant differences between two ploidy levels for annual forage production. The effect of ploidy level was only significant for persistency. Tetraploids were more persistence than diploids. The ploidy 'x year interaction effect was significant for tiller number and dry matter yield. In overall, the tetraploids produced higher dry matter yield and ratio of reproductive tillers in the second year.

In this research, with the purpose to optimize in vitro shoot proliferation of .9, the factors of carbohydrate, gibberellic acid (GA3), ndolebutyric acid (IBA), phloroglucinol (PG), explant orientation and culture vessels volume were studied. The basal medium was MS supplemented with 1.5 mg.l-1 BA and 1 mg.l -1 K in. Shoot explants 1 cm in length was taken from in vitro samples. The results showed that sorbitol was more suitable as a carbohydrate for multiplication than sucrose. GA3 and PG had no effect on number of shoots, but affected length of shoots. Application of IBA had no effect on proliferation. Explants orientation has significant effect on proliferation and the best results were obtained with vertical orientation. Increase in vessel volume from 25 ml to 125 ml had no effect on shoots proliferation of M.9. On the basis of the results, is suggested for improving of M.9 proliferation were used from basal medium culture (MS with 1.5 mg.l -1 BA, 1mg.l-1 Kin and 8 g.l -1 agar) containing 30 g.l -1 sorbitol, 0.1 mg.l -1 GA3, 162 mg.l-1 PG. Also, shoots put in medium vertically.

In this study, identification of varios species of Sporisorium the causal agent of sorghum amuts, its distribution, rate of yield losses and possible of chemical control by seed treatment were investigated. On the basis of morphological and kind of infection, there species of Sporisorium such as: S. sorghi the causal agent of covered kernel smut with frequency of 31.5 %, S. ehrenbergii the causal agent of long smut with frequency of 28% and S. reilianum the causal agent of head smut with frequency of 7.5 % for the first time was identified from two egions. Mean of panicle infection to covered kernel, long and head amuts were: 58.8, 9.6 and 100 percent respectively. The effectiveness of three fungicides as seed treatment including triadiminol 7.5%, dinniconazole 2% and carboxyinthiram 75% at the rate of 1.5, 2 and 1.5 grams per kilogram seed Öx were used. The experiments were conducted in complete randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replication Percentage of infected panicles was calculated and after changing datas to Arcsin were compared by using Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results showed that all the fungicides were controlled the covered kernel and head smuts effectively and were significant difference between fungicides treatments and control.

In this investigation, the main effects of cadmium (Cd(NO 3 ) 2 , 4H 2 0) and interaction of cadmium and gibberellin (GA 3 ) on root and shoot growth, proteins and potassium concentration in onion (Allium cepa L. cv. Red Azarshahr) plants were studied. Plants were grown for 10 days in Hoagland nutrient solution containing variable Cd 2+ concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mM) and GA 3 (0, 0.03 mM). The ANOVA results showed that, with increasing cadmium concentration in nutrient solution, significantly (p<0.01) root and shoot growth, protein content of shoot and potassium concentration decreased. The addition of gibberellin significantly reduced the toxic effects of cadmium on onion.

Vitamin C, known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin which may be found in all compartments of plant cell where it plays diverse roles. It is involved in cell division and cell wall synthesis. It is a highly effective antioxidant; even in low concentration can protect indispensable molecules from damaging by free radicals and inactive oxygen species which generated as by-products in respiratory and photosynthesis.Faba vulgaris belongs to Fabaceae. It is one of the most important winter crops in the Middle East which is cultivated as vegetables. Faba vulgaris as a great feeding value and can be considered as meat or skim-milk substitute. A scorbic acid affects on the structure of apical meristem, and promotes parricidal and anticlinal divisions, so that, floral ebouches increase about twice times on each axis.

Trib Trifoleae from Fabacea family consists of four genera: Trifolium, Medicago, Melilotus and Trigonela. Trifolium is major crop plant of this tribe. Determination of ploidy level is required for studying interspecific relationships, developing interspecies hybrids, genetic studying of transgenic plants and plant breeding programes. All species of this genus have small chromosomes, making the conventional chromosom count in root tip cells a difficult task. Therefore an efficient alternative ploidy determination technique is requierd for this group of plants. The relationship between ploidy level and the number of chloroplasts in stomatal guard cells, was studied in 24 populations of 8 species of Trifolium. Three randomly selected middle leaves of greenhouse grown plants were used for chloroplast counting in twenty pairs of stomatal guard cells per each leaf. Chromosome number was also determined in root tip of studied plants. The ploidy level was highly correlated with the number of chloroplasts in stomatal guard cells. Number of chloroplasts in tetraploid population of T. fragiferum was approximately twice as many diploid species: T. spumosum, T.campestre, T. bullatum, T. tomentosume, T. resupinatum and T.physodes. These results suggested that counting chloroplast number in the leaf stomatal guard cells is an efficient alternative technique for determination of ploidy level in the genus Trifolium.

In order to evaluate the nitrogen fertilizer levels on yield and yield components of forage millet (Pennisetam americanum var. Nutrifeed) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata var. Parastu), an experiment was conducted in Research and Educational farm of College of Agriculture, University of Tehran at 2002. The treatments were arranged in split plots based on Randomized Compelete Block Design with four replications. Four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (46% of N) of 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha were assigned to the sub- plots including (S1:sole cropping of millet, S2:sole cropping of cowpea, S3:cowpea 50% + millet 50%, S4: cowpea 25% + miller 75% and S5: cowpea75% + millet 25%). A replacement system was used for the intercropping pattern. According to the result of this experiment cowpea produced the maximum grain yield of 820 kg/ha at 100 kg/ha of urea application while the minimum grain yield (378 kg/ha) was obtained 300 kg/ha of urea utilization. The least amount of millet forge (36723 kg/ha) was obtained in cOWpea75% and millet 25% sowing pattern. The grain yield of cowpea was increased as the percent of its contribution in intercropping patterns was increased (from 141.2 kg/ha in S4 to 900.7 kg/ha in S2). Application of 200 kg/ha of urea increased LER by 37% compared to sole cropping. It is concluded that cowpea and millet make a more efficient use from Agricultural inputs in intercropping compared to their sole cropping.

Acid phosphatase is widely found in plants. This enzyme has and extra cellular activity. For instance, salt and drought stress increase its activity. Alfalfa is a plant can be used for production of resistant callus to salt and water stress. When calli were cultured to the medium containing 0,2,4,6,8,10% mannitol and 0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8, 1 % NaCl, in both cultivars (Yazdi and Hamedani) the activity of acid phosphatase increased. Cultivar Hamedani showed low activity while cultivar Yazdi had high activity of enzyme. Results showed that activity of acid phosphatase is dependent on genotype.

In Order to study the effects of cadmium on some growth and physiological parameters on canola plants, seeds were sterilized and treated with different (0,10,50,100 and 500 m nm)in cadmium Concentration petri dishes. Petri were transferred to germinator which was under control for seven days and toxicity effect this ion on seedlings were investigated. For this reason identical seedlings from each sample were selected then root and shoot length and weight as well as chlorophyll and carotenoids content were measured. The content of reduced sugar and proteins of these oranges were measured by spectrophotometeric methods.Results showed a significant decrease in root and epicothylodon growth. We also observed a significant decrease in shoot and root fresh and dry weight in seedlings which were treated M with 100 and 500 mm of cadmium ion. Cholorophyll and carotenoids content decreased significantly. Total protein content increased in leaves and roots of those seedlings which were treated with 10, 50 and 100 mm of cadmium.This increase probably is the 100 m mindication of increase in enzymes involved in defense mechanism in plants and antioxidant poly peptides which also are a defense mechanism. On the order hand, the amount of reduced sugar increased in cothylodonary leaves and the reason of this could be the conversion of insoluble sugar, but the content of sugar decreased in roots.

It is possible to omit or decrease drought stress in crops, which have been cultivated in dry farming conditions. Stress is a result of unusual and physiological process that is induced by the effect and combination of one or more biological and environmental factors. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is a crop compatible to wet moderate regions. It is also cultivated in semidry regions using irrigation and without irrigation too. In order to cultivate this plant in such a region, it is necessary to use appropriate agrotechnical methods in addition to drought tolerant cultivars. Obviously, by omitting or decreasing the stress using a supplemental irrigation, production output of this plant could be increased. To confirm the effects of appropriate supplemental irrigation, three cultivars of sunflower were studied under three levels of water stress conditions using 9 treatments in 3 replications, in a 3x3 factorlel experimental design. Plants were supplementary irrigated in flowering and seeding set stages. In order to increase the accuracy of evaluation, a treatment with no irrigation was also used as control. The traits such as total biomass, seed yield, and oil percentage, were studied. Results from this experiment showed that irrigation in flowering stage increases the yield of seeds more than 60% and the percentage of oil about 25% comparison to the control. Total biomass was also increased due to the irrigation in different growth stages. Oil percentage was increased from 33% in the state of drought stress to a maximum of 41% after using a supplementary irrigation in flowering time. None of the cultivars were recommended for the region, since there was no significant difference between three cultivars.

Effect of wet heat treatment at 100°c and various periods (0,1 ,3,6,12,24hr) on flours of chickpea, lima bean and broad bean, was Investigated. Total protein contents in unheated flours of the samples was estimated as 18.1 22.3 and 30.5 percent respectively. Total protein content of 3 samples in heating and unheating conditions was not affected significantly. Trypsin inhibitors activity (TIA) in heated and unheated of chickpea, lima bean and broad bean were, 27.84,41.5 and 49.9 (mg/g), respectively.Under heating condition, the considerable losses in the TIA contents were observed. Total proteins of heated and unheated samples after enzymatic effect were subjected to SDS-PAGE electrophoresis (%12.5). Electrophotogram obtained were compared and the results indicated that remarkable changes in decrease thickness and brightness of protein bands increase with heating time. This process resulting from inactivation of trypsis inhibitors by heat effect treatment and extreme effects of enzyme in proteins hydrolysis.

The pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a group of chemicals found in a variety of plant species throughout the world. These toxic alkaloids are distributed mainly in Senecio (Compositae), Crotalaria (Leguminosae) and Heliotropium (Boraginaceae) species. Plants containing these alkaloids cause significant mammalian morbidity and mortality including in humans. Upon ingestion, metabolic activation in liver converts the potent compounds into highly reactive electrophilies capable of reacting with cellular macromolecules Forming adducts which can initiate acute or chronic toxicity. One of these plants is Senecio vulgaris that is abundant in wheat farms of Mazandaran province. When wheat (Triticum spp) is harvesting, seeds and aerial parts of Senecio are collected with it. Since presence of PAs in S. vulgaris are stablished in researches, so in this research, quality and quantity of PAs of wheat and flour contaminated with Senecio in Mazandaran province farms are studied. The specimens collected from all flour Factories and silo of Mazandaran. The Ehrlich reaction and spectrophotometeric method used for the qualitative and quantitative examinations, respectively. Amount of PAs and their N-oxides calculated as basis of senecionine. The reaction is specific for alkaloids having an unsaturated basic moiety of D3-PAsand their N-oxides in 0.512g of specimens was 0.02 to 0.05 mg and in 0.512g of S. vulgaris was 0.4 mgas senecionine. LD50 of senecionine, fatal toxic dose of PAs and nonfatal toxic dose of PAs are 64.12±2.24mg/kg, 6-167 mg/kg, 2-27 mg/kg, respectively. In comparison between amount of PAs and their N-Oxides in the wheat and its flour and above toxic doses, the specimens can not produce acute complications of PAs but long-term exposure to low levels of Pas may cause cumulative damage to body organs especially hepatotoxicity and regarding to the daily diet of the people chronic toxicity is possible.