Year:2007 | Volume:20 | Issue:3 (76 IN ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES)|Papers Count:35

Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus (ALV-J) was isolated in the late 1980s from meat-type chickens in the United Kingdom. This subgroup was created from recombination of exogenous and endogenous of avian leukosis viruses. ALV-J causes severe economic losses in meat-type chickens specially broiler grandparent and broiler breeder flocks by inducing neoplastic diseases especially myeloid leukosis and other production problems. Samples of different tissues consisted of sternum, liver, kidney, spleen and preventriculus of 20 chickens from a flock which was positive to ALV-J in serological and molecular assays, were randomly collected for histopathological test. Histopathological examination revealed severe intercellular edema, anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, karyomegaly and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, similar to inclusion bodies of ALV-J in myocardium and scattered foci of myelocytes in liver of only 5 chickens. Therefore, the infection of a flock to ALV-J does not always induce gross or histpathological lesions.

Meat is the main source of animal protein which human being required. Consumption per capita meat in Iran for 1383 year was about 28 kg which it was very low comparing global consumption. According to the young people of our country and the importance of supply required protein from one side and increase of meat demand in future in other side, the aim of this study is to study supplying kinds of meat in Iran by multi-market model and introducing effective elements on supplying meat and whole sale price. This study has done in 1384 and by using by time series during 1350-1383 years. It was come to the conclusion by this study that the whole sale price and income per capita has positive effect on supply any kind of meat and three kinds of meat substitute with each other at any time. Three kind of meat: chicken meat, beef and fish meat). Import price index and net import and kinds of meat have effect on local supplying and the whole sale price. So, by making import polices for controlling whole sale it will cause decreasing in supplying kinds of meat in the country annihilate internal production capacity. Cost of nutrient has grate effect in supplying chicken meat at whole sale. On the other side chicken meat price index based on estimating supplying chicken and fish meats has an effect on the rate of whole sale. So, due to chicken meat product five periods every year fluctuations in cost of nutrient of chicken will be effective on supplying and market price kinds of meat.

This experiment was conducted to introduce the main families and identify the species of pleuronectiformes on coastline of Persian Gulf area Bushehr province, from Deylam in North west to Naeband Gulf in South east. The study was carried out from March 2003 to June 2004. In this experiment, 311 fish were employed. The fish were either cought by trawl or bought from the local fishmongers. The sampling was carried out in 11 different regions seasonally. Some 36 trait and parameters including 18 morphometric (measurable) ones, 11 meristic ones (counable) and 7 apearance ones were measured and determined. Assasing data analysis some morphometric parameters, preparing dendrograms using cluster method and comparing the data biometry with the check list identificant index species, it turned out that there are 5 main and dominant families including: Psettodidae, Soleidae, Cynoglossidae, Bothidae, Paralichtidae in the area. In addition, the identification of above-mentioned families indicated that 17 species of such families inhabit on Bushehr coastline of the Persian Gulf.The identified species are as follows:Brachirus orientalis, Solea elongata, Zebrias synapturides, Parachirus marmoratus; (family Soleidae) Cynoglos susarel, Cynoglossus bilineatus, Cynoglossus Puncticeps, Cynoglossus capenis, Cynoglossus kopsii; (Family Cynoglossidae); Pseudorombus elevatus, Pseudorombus arsius, Pseudorombus malayanus, Poecilopstei javanicus (Family paralichtidae); Arnoglossus aspilos, Engyprosopon grandisquama, Laeopes guentheri, (Family Bothidae) and Psettodes erumei (Family Psettodidae).

The best way to maximize profitability through genetic improvement is to use economic weights of the trait involved. In this research, all of the production costs and incomes involved in beekeeping were calculated and profit equation formulated based on the biology and rearing type of bee colonies. Economic weights of equations were obtained by partial derivation of profit equation based on each trait. By using economic parameters, economic weights for bee production, defensive behavior and swarming ability were obtained +7417.38, -5370.2 and -15886.4 respectively. These coefficients are showing that in order to direct breeding programs toward higher production in honey bees must be toward increasing honey and reducing both defensive behavior and swarming ability. We used MONTE CARLO simulation to apply economic weights that we derived for three traits of honey production, defensive behavior and swarming ability. For doing this, we simulated bee colonies and selected the best colonies based on their aggregate genotypes estimated using simulated phenotypes. Our results indicated that the set of economic weights we used for the three traits led to desired genetic trend in all traits as honey production increased over generations while both defensive behavior and swarming experienced decrease in their population averages. The superiority of simulation method compare to practical use of economic weights are the later method neither cost much nor takes much time, and it is possible to correct any mistakes in economic weights before applying them in practice.

For the purpose of effect of different lipid levels on growth index of Caspian frisii kutum, a nutritional experiment of 8 weeks were conducted in order to evaluate effect of lipid levels on fry stage. Four lipid levels of 3, 6, 9 and 12% with an isoproteinic (35%) and digestible energy of 3000 to 3200 kcal/Kg per diet were considered. This experiment with 4 treatments and triplicate each was conduct in fiber glass tank of 400L capacity which was filled with 300L fresh filtered water and 60% of each tank was changed daily. Two-hundred and forty kutum fry stage of 2±0.6g were randomly distributed between 12 tanks. Growth index such as (WG), (PGR), (FCR), (PLV) and survival rate in treatment 2 and 3 were not significant (p>0.05); although with increase of lipid to 12% in treatment 4, all above growth index were improved and statically significant (p<0.05). Treatment one with least lipid (3%) showed an ungrowth and was significant with other treatment (p<0.05).

The effect of a natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of Holstein bull calves (188 kg ± 28 body weight) was studied in a completely randomized design using three groups of calves (n=5 in each group). Experimental animals were fed ad-libitum as a total mixed ration (TMR) for 160 days in individual stalls. The diets were: group 1, untreated corn silage, group 2, corn silage treated with 1% urea and group 3, corn silage treated with 1% urea and 3% zeolite (added to the concentrate). The other ingredients of the rations were similar as follows: corn silage, alfalfa hay, barley grain, corn grain, cotton seed meal, limestone, and salt. At the end of experiment, the calves were bled and slaughtered and carcass physical and chemical composition was determined. The basal diet was formulated according to the NRC (1989) with the concentrate to roughage ratio of 50:50 and contained 2.67 Mcal ME/kg DM and 13.40% crude-protein. Total dry matter intake during the experimental period was significantly affected (p<0.05) by treatments and was 1136.80, 1146.84 and 1156.40 kg for treatments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The mean weight gain, (169.60, 175.80 and 174:00 kg for treatments 1 , 2 and 3, respectively), feed conversion ratio (6.73, 6.56 and 6.72 for treatments 1, 2 and 3, respectively), and serum sodium and potassium concentrations were not significantly different among groups (p>0.05), although zeolite supplementation tended to increase ash and crude protein percentage and decrease fat percentage of boneless meat. The longissimus dorsi muscle cross-sectional area (cm2) was affected by dietary treatments; the zeolite diet had the highest (86.60) and the urea treated diet had the lowest (72.27) values.These findings indicted that, under the conditions of this experiment, in spite of some improvements in dry matter intake and carcass characteristics, the addition of zeolite to the diet of feedlot Holstein bull calves, was not advantageous.

In this survey, for morphohistopathological study of the enteritis in fowls, 70 specimens of pathologic intestinal lesions were randomly collected from necropsied fowls with the signs of enteritis from different flocks at Tabriz poultry clinics in a course of 6 month. They subjected to detail morphological and histological studies. Epidemiologically, the prevalence of the various kinds of enteritis in association with age, strain and sex was evaluated. One-sample chi- square test, revealed that the highest rate of occurrence (78.57%), belonged to broilers (p<0.01). It was observed greatly in 4-6 weeks of age (p<0.01). Also, by chi- square test, a significant relation between the sex and age of affection confirmed (P<0.01), as in the males the most of affliction belonged to 4-6 weeks of age and in the females it was 1-3 weeks of age. Histopathologically, we found that the highest rates of enteritis, related to catarrhal, hemorrhagic and necrotic enteritis respectively (p<0.01). This investigation demonstrated that the strain of Ross was likely in high risk (p<0.05). The relation between the strains and the kinds of enteritis was not significant.

Determination of grazing capacity in addition to rangeland production depends on various factors which forage quality is the most important. This study was conducted to obtain general information from nutritive value of three province rangelands of Semnen , Markazi and Lorestan. Samples were collected randomly from main vegetation community of each province during two years. Then nitrogen and acid detergent fiber were measured to estimate crude protein, dry matter digestibility and metabolizable energy. To determine forage requirement of animals, dominant sheep breed in each region wase considered. Then forage requirement of each animal unit was estimated based on live weight. The results showed that there were no significant differences (p<0.05) between forage quality in three provinces and three palatability classes. However there were significant differences between forage quality of Plant families (p<0.05). In three provinces of Semnan, Markazi and Lorestan crude protein ranged 8.8, 9.5 and 9 percent, acid detergent fiber varied from 40, 41 and 43 percent and average dry matter digestibility were 54, 54 and 52 percent respectively. Metabolisable energy obtained 7.2, 7.1 and 6.9 Mj/Kg DM. According to the results daily forage requirement of Sangsary sheep breed in Semnan was 1.3 kg dry matter. Louri sheep was dominant breed in Lorestan with daily requirement of 1.6 kg/DM. while Farahani and Zandi were two dominant sheep breeds in Markazi province with daily requirement of 1.25 and 1.63 Kg/DM respectively. Generally forage quality in the provinces showed that if suitable grazing season be selected, animal requirement for maintenance condition is met by rangelands. However vegetation composition and contribution of each species in range production should be taken in to account.

In this research, palatability of five rangeland plants species including Alhagi camelorume، Lolium perenne, Haloxylon aphyllum, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Artemisia aucheri was investigated in Yazd, center of Iran. Some 3 kg forages per species was sampled and randomly put in to plastic plate to feed the female sheep, lamb and male goat for 20 minutes. Out of each livestock five units (with similar weight, age and health) were selected. The investigation was carried out as weighting method and completely randomized design, replicated three times. The results after weighting the plates demonstrated that the Lolium perenne, Alhagi camelorume, Glycyrrhiza glabra، Haloxylon aphyllum, Artemisia Aucheri were more delicious for female sheep and lamb, respectively. Likewise, for male goat Alhagi camelorume، Haloxylon aphyllum، Glycyrrhiza glabra، Lolium perenne، Artemisia aucheri were more appetizing.

To study digestion and fermentation parameters of Sistani and Holstein breeds, four fistulated mature bulls (two Sistani and two Holstein) were used in a balanced change over design with four periods. In situ DM, NDF and CP degradability, rate of degradability and effective degradability of forages (alfalfa hay and corn silage) were similar for two breeds (P>0.05). However, mean daily concentration of VFA of Holstein bulls was higher than Sistani bulls (P>0.05). Ruminal pH and concentration of ruminal N-NH3, total protozoa and entodinomoroph population in Sistani were higher than Holstein bulls (P>0.05). However, difference in holotrich protozoa of Sistani and Holstein bulls was not significant (P>0.05). Despite the similar ruminal degradability parameters, efficiency of utilization of the two forages (alfalfa hay and corn silage) was better in holstein bulls because of higher VFA concentration. Higher ammonia N concentration in Sistani bulls could lead to better potential of digestion if it had been a limiting factor for microbial growth such as feeding with low quality forages.

In order to evaluate the ewe’s milk production and lamb growth of Torky sheep, 55, 106 and 95 heads of ewes were milked in the years of 1996, 1997 and 1998 respectively. Ewes were grouped for week of parturition and milked at 14-day interval for 140 days through two methods of milking: hand milking (for three years) and hand milking combined lamb suckling (only for year of 1998). Lambs were weighed at birth and one, two, three and four months of age. Effects of year, milking period, age, and ewe parturition weight and lamb sex on milk production were statistically analyzed. Means of daily hand milking production in a period of 140 days for years of 1996, 1997 and 1998 were 363, 322 and 216 g respectively and means of three years were 300 g. Means of daily suckling milk production in a period of 112 days in year of 1998 were 351 g and total daily milk production for two methods in this period were 394 g. Effects of year, milking period, age and ewe parturition weight on milk production were significant (p<0.05). Effect of lamb sex on milk production and ewe parturition weight were not significant (p>0.05), but on lamb weight at birth, one, two, three and four months of age were significant. Means of daily gains of male and female lambs during birth to four month of age were 170 and 146 g respectively.

The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of reducing alfalfa hay length of cut and total mixed ration (TMR) particle size dry matter intake (DMI), rumen pH, chewing activity, milk yield and composition of Holstein lactating dairy cows in early lactation. Twelve Holstein lactating dairy cows averaging 18±3 days in milk and 650±52 kg BW, were assigned to a balanced change-over design, With four diets (identical in chemical composition and energy but different in alfalfa hay length of cut), three periods, three blocks and four cows per block. Alfalfa hay was chopped using 20, 40, 60 and 100, screens. The geometric mean of TMR particle size and physically effective fiber (peNDF) were determined by the Penn state paricle separator. Distribution of particle size of alfalfa hay and total mixed rations (TMR) was determined by the Penn state paricle separator. The geometric mean of particle size and peNDF of dies were 3.69, 4.60, 5.91, 7.91 mm and 22.96, 23.85, 25.03 and 26.10 percent for diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively (p<0.05). In this experiment, reducing alfalfa hay particle size increased DMI, whis was the most for diet 1 (p<0.05).Average milk yield was 33.8±4.25, 34.56±3.70, 35.04±4.40 and 34.28±4.48 kg/d for diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively (p>0.05). Milk compositions did not differ across diets 1 to 4 significantly. As alfalfa hay particle size decreased, a significant effect was observed for rumen pH mean (5.96, 6.13, 6.29 and 6.4) and chewing activity (700, 746, 767 and 787 min/day).

Microbial spoilage of juices and its related industry with is a considerable international issue since early 1990s. This spore-forming acidophilic thermophilic bacteria cause changes in juices odor and taste. In this study, one of the export pomegranate juices examined for the isolation and identification of Alicyclobacillus that was positive, by using specific medium. Confirmation was undertaken by examining its morphology and biochemistry characterization. Samples from other sources also tested with 35% positive rate. The isolation and identification of Alicyclobacillus contamination in fruit, and its related industry, in regards to the sensitivity of the used test, has pivotal role on prevention and control of this type of spoilage bacterium in HACCP manner.

Sheep pox (SPV), Goat pox (GPV) AND Lumpy skin (LSD) disease are diseases of sheep, goats and cattle respectively, caused by strains of pox virus, with in the genus Capri pox virus. SPV and GPV are important diseases in so many countries especially in south and central Africa, south west central Asia and India. These diseases are important in Iran also and cause economical losses. These diseases are not serologically distinguished able because of antigenic homology among them. A major difference between them is the presence of a protein 32KD (P32) in sheep pox virus that is absent in both goat pox virus and lumpy skin disease virus. In this regard by purification of P32 of SPV and used it in solid phase ELISA, possibility of diagnosing them exactly can be obtained.

A study was undertaken to determine the effect of dietary lipid level on growth, feed efficiency and body chemical composition of juvenile grass carp. Seven isonitrogenous diets (40 % Crude protein) containing seven dietary lipid level (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 & 12 % dry matter) were fed to triplicate groups of fish in a completely randomized design with initial weight 6.5±0.1 g, for 70 days. One-way anova was used for data analyse and Duncan multiple range test was used for mean comparison by SAS software at level of 0.05. Excess dietary lipid level (10 and 12 %) resulted in significant decreased feed intake (p<0.05). The best growth performance and feed utilization was observed in fish fed 2-4% dietary lipid. The fed a lipid-free diet had the lowest protein efficiency and protein retention. Growth performance and feed utilization increased with the increasing dietary lipid levels up to 4 % dietary lipid. Higher dietary level (above 4 %) made growth performance and feed utilization decrease and no protein sparing effect was observed. Lipid retention decreased significantly as dietary lipid level increased. Mesenteric fat index (MFI) increased, hepatosomatic index (HSI) decreased with dietary lipid level. The increased MFI and simultaneous decrease lipid retention can be explained by differences in growth. The effect of dietary lipid levels on the chemical composition of tissues was significant only for whole body and muscle (p<0.05). In conclusion, grass carp is a fish with low energy requirement and excess dietary lipid level should be avoided.

In order to stock assessment of 3 main species of Nemipterus japonicus, Carangoides malabaricus and Ulua mentalis, a research cruise was carried out in the Persian Gulf (Hormuzgan province waters) by swept area method in 2001. The studied area was restricted to Ras-Naiband in west (52 45E) up to Ras-Sirik in east (57 00E), with covering 3 substrata of 10-20m, 20-30m and 30-50m depths. Samplings were carried out by using F/V Ferdows-2 equipped with a bottom trawl. After hauling the samples were identified, weighted and also some biological measurements were done. All data were analyzed by Excel software, and the biomass of each species was estimated seperately and the distribution pattern of them was prepared by Arcview software. The total biomass of N. japonicus was calculated about 1140 tons and the minimum was 433 tons in 433 tons in Bandar-Abbas and Sirik area and 422 tons in Bandar-Charak area, and with minimum biomass in Bandar-Lengeh with 53 tons. On the other hand the most biomass of this species was found in depths of 30-50m.The total biomass of C. malabaricus and U.mentalis were estimated about 1697 and 652 tons, respectively in Bandar-Charak area and with the most abundance in depths of 30-50m.

The performance and genetic parameters of reproductive traits were estimated using linear and threshold univariate animal model on the data of 5374 records of 1696 ewes, collected during 1989 to 2004 in rearing and improvement of Lori-Bakhtiari sheep Station (Sholi) in Shahrekord. The model was included fixed effects (year and age of ewe) and random effects additive genetic of ewe, permanent environmental of ewe and residual. The overall mean (s.d) of traits were as 0.90 (0.30) for conception rate, 1.05 (0.50) for number of lambs born per ewe joined, 1.01 (0.55) for number of lambs born alive per ewe joined, 0.94 (0.55) for number of lambs weaned per ewe joined and 1.05 (0.48) for number of lambs weaned per ewe conceived. The heritability coefficient of traits were estimated as 0.01, 0.05, 0.04, 0.02 and 0.06 respectively, resulted from linear analysis and 0.08, 0.10, 0.08, 0.10 and 0.23 respectively, resulted from threshold analysis. The estimation of repeatability coefficient of traits was as 0.10, 0.13, 0.13, 0.09 and 0.09 respectively, for linear analysis and 0.67, 0.56, 0.67, 0.56 and 0.24 respectively for threshold analysis. The results of this study showed that, using threshold models for analyzing reproductive traits in genetic evaluations, comparison with linear models, caused relatively increasing genetic parameters and accuracy of evaluations.

Ostertagia circumcincta is a major cause of ovine parasitic gastritis in temprate regions and the most frequent species affecting abomasum of small ruminants in Iran. These nematodes cause serious losses world-wide by imparing weight gain and wool production. Having a donor animal is essential for various studies. An Ostertagia circumcincta donor was produced by transplanting of adult forms of this worm into abomasum of the lamb (9 months of age) through a surgically established cannula. Ten thousands infective larvae (L3) from the lamb’s faecal culture were given to another worm–free lamb of six months age through a stomach tube. Few eggs of O.circumcintca appeared in the cannulated lamb’s faeces, after 5 days of transplanting. The number of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) increased in the following days. The average number of EPG reached up to 30± 14 per day. Very scanty number of eggs appeared, then, after 19-21 days of post-infection. However the number of eggs increased gradually, so that its daily average number of EPG reached up to 100±99 during 60 days of post–infection. Average number of eggs developmented to infective larvae (L3) was 35.1 percent. Although the number of eggs, laid by worms transplanted in cannulated lamb, was less than that of worms, grown from L3 in the abomasum, the abomasal cannulation method seems more preferable due to some advantages such as defined number of worms transplanted into abomasums, rapid access to the eggs and their culture and less loss of worm larvae during passing through the digestive tract.

The objective of this study was to compare genetic gain, aggregate genotype and change of inbreeding in closed nucleus, open nucleus and sire referencing strategies with computer simulation. Four traits of litter size (LS), weaning weight (WW), average daily gain from weaning to 6 months of age (ADG) and greasy fleece weight (GFW) were included in selection index and breeding goal. Relative economic values of these traits were 240, 8, 0.424 and 1, respectively. The genetic gain, aggregate genotype and inbreeding for three strategies were calculated for 10 years selection. Average and standard errors of 20 repeats were reported. Results of simulation showed that cumulative genetic gain in closed nucleus after 10 years selection was 0.190, 1.342 kg, 44.96 g and 0.125 kg for LS, WW, ADG and GFW, respectively. These estimates were 0.193, 1.355 kg, 46.50 g and 0.128 kg in open nucleus and 0.197; 1.492 kg, 52.48 g and 0.138 kg in sire referencing strategies, respectively. For all traits, genetic gain resulted from sire referencing strategy were higher than closed and open nucleus strategies. Average yearly increase of inbreeding coefficient were 0.247, 0.095 and 0.175 percentage for closed nucleus, open nucleus and sire referencing strategies, respectively. Inbreeding coefficient in open nucleus was lower than closed nucleus and sire referencing strategies. In general, based on genetic gain and aggregate genotype value, sire referencing strategy is more suitable than open and closed nucleus strategies for Baluchi sheep breeding.

Gas defect was a type of spoilage which happened in Iran white feta cheese, microorganism which there was in the cheese used nutritional compounds and released gas (carbon dioxide).Cheese package going to blowing when gas release by microorganisms. Spore former bacteria was responsible of cheese spoilage because they produce gas in the cheese, our examination confirmed it. Bacterial spores isolated from pasteurized milk. Pasteurization could not destroy them so spores remained in the pasteurized milk and caused cheese spoilage. It was needed a method except than pasteurization to controlling of spore former bacteria. Our trials confirmed that it is possible to use a bacterium strain (Streptococcus lactis) as well as starter to inhibit gas production in cheese. We found that the starter was able to inhibit spore former bacteria by nisin production and the starter could inhibit gas defect in the Iran white feta cheese. We did different trials and found that it was need to 2% starter at least to inhibit gas defect and spore growth in packed cheese. Spore content of cheese with out starter was more than cheese with the starter (p<0.001). Cheese which was containing 1%-2.5% starter has better taste than other cheese based on organoleptic examination. Cheese which have more than 3% starter have sour taste, On the other hand gas defect occurred in cheese which have less than 2% starter. I proposed that we ought to produce cheese which contained 2%-2.5% starter. I used SPSS software for statistical evaluation, and used Anova test for variance analysis.

For the present time in ILAM province 20 farms of trout fish breeding are active, that evaluation have considered in this article. The basic purpose of the fulfillment this research has been the appointment of economical evaluation indexes of trout fish breeding farms. The method of information gathering in this research has been in way survey and in method census from all of trout fish breeding pools in ILAM province that information necessary to complete questionnaire has prepared with reference to trout fish breeding farms in two traditional methods and closed circuit. For economical evaluation has calculated net present value (NPV), return on investment (ROI) and benefit–cost ratio (B/C) indexes the most important results from this research as follows: The yield results for indexes of NPV and B/C show that except 5 farms, the rest do not have economical justification. The yield results from ROR show that only 5 farms from 20 farms have economical justification with 14% rate of discount. This affair shows that if can suppose discount rate is with regard to subsidy 7%, the rest farms except a project will be economical justification. With regard to indexes of economical evaluation (NPV, ROR, B/C), from among 20 productive farms, only 5 farms have economical justification. To be down of literacy level, no pass of educational courses, little record labors and farms management, changes of farms management, difference among nominal and actual capacity of farms, number of plenty fish baby spilled in per course, percent of high mortality, to be up of length time breeding course, to be down of nutritious change coefficient, no insurance of farm, are among important factors of no justification economical of trout fish breeding farms in Ilam province.

(Co) Variance components, direct (ha2) and maternal heritability (hm2) and C2 of some economic traits of Karakul sheep were estimated using 1314 to 2472 records collected during 1994 to 2000 in Karakul sheep breeding station, Sarakhs, Iran. (Co) Variance components for estimation of genetic parameters were estimated by REML procedure using different animal models and the six different fitted models were compared. Direct heritability of birth weight, 3, 6, 9 and 12 month weights, fleece weight and pelt score were estimated as 0.24±0.04, 0.19±0.05, 0.19±0.06, 0.29±0.05, 0.31±0.05, 0.20±0.06 and 0.57±0.05, respectively. Maternal heritability estimates for 6 month weight and pelt score were 0.02±0.03 and 0.08±0.02, respectively. C2 for birth weight, 3 month weight and fleece weight were estimated as 0.16, 0.11 and 0.07, respectively.

The study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value of fruit and vegetable wastes (FVW) from central fruit and vegetable market in Karaj as ruminant feed. Samples were obtained weekly during four months of February, March, April and May and analyzed according to AOAC (1990) procedures. The average of DM, Ash, CP, CF, EE, NFE, NDF, ADF, Lignin, Ca and P were 10.91, 27.65, 14.16, 11.51, 1.075, 45.38, 38.39, 33.45, 7.51, 3.61, and 0.57 percent, respectively. The average of Cu, Zn and Pb were 41.7, 109.4, 35.0 mg/Kg, respectively. The average of gross energy of the samples was 3261.7 Cal/g. A completely randomize design (CRD) was used with 4 treatments and 4 replications in each treatment. No significant difference was observed among the above mentioned measurements except for CF, NFE, Zn and Pb (p<0.05). The digestibility of FVW was measured only for air-dried sample of May. Total fecal collection method was applied using four wether sheep. The digestibility for DM, OM, CP, CF, EE, NFE and GE were: 59.43, 74.54, 64.38, 62.16, 42.77, 81.02, and 73.78 percent respectively. The TDN content of the sample was 52.8 percent and DE was 2.40 (Mcal/Kg). Results indicated that FVW which collected, dried and preserved under ideal condition could be used in the nutrition of non- lactating and finishing ruminants.

In this research ibuprofen treatment was compared with saline solution treatment in an endotoxin induced experimental model of bovine mastitis. In 20 healthy lactating cows acute mastitis was induced by intra mammary inoculation of 1 mg of Escherichia coli endotoxin in single quarter. Cows were divided into two equal groups randomly with number of 10 cows in each group. First group treated with 0.9% sodium chloride solution (1.25 ml/kg, IV) as control, and another group treated with ibuprofen (25 mg/kg, IV). Ibuprofen or saline solution was administered once, 2 hours after inoculation of endotoxin. The clinical course of the mastitis, and the hematological and biochemical changes were evaluated and compared between two groups at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 192 hours after endotoxin inoculation. Rectal temperature and heart and respiratory rates were significantly increased (p£0.05) and eosinophil count and serum phosphorus and sodium were significantly decreased (p£0.05) in saline treated cows, compared with cows treated with ibuprofen. Quarter size, or inflammation and rumination per minute were not changed significantly with ibuprofen treatment. The other hematological and biochemical parameters were not significantly changed between two groups.

Twenty five healthy Water Buffalo weighing 325 ± 25 Kg and 5 ± 1 years of age were considered for this study. Xylazine Hcl %2 (0.05 mg/kg B.W) diluted with normal saline to a volume of 5 ml was injected in the caudal epidural region (C1–C2). The onset, duration and extent of sedation and analgesia evaluated after injection. Heart and respiratory rate and rectal temperature were recorded on 0, 5, 15, 30, 60 minutes after injection. The onset and extent of analgesia within (11.1±2.30 min) which lasted for more than 110 ± 5 minutes post injection. Systemic signs of sedation were noticed after 5 to 7 min by drooling and drooping of tongue. Heart and respiratory rate decreased significantly at 15 and 30 min respectively (p<0.05). No significant changes were recorded in the rectal temperature (p>0.05). In conclusion the results of this study indicate that caudal epidural analgesia by Xylazine Hcl %2 with the above doses could produce proper analgesia and sedation for surgical maniple caudal region of Water Buffalo.

In order to determine the copper status, current study was carried out to measurement the amounts of ceruloplasmin and copper of serum, liver and kidney of sheep in Shahrekord slaughterhouse and to consider the correlation between the mentioned factors in sheep. To do this, in slaughtered sheep were measured and the correlation between the ceruloplasmin and copper of serum and between the copper of serum and copper of liver and kidney were determined. The sample collections were carried out from November to December 2003 in Shahrekord slaughterhouse. The amounts of ceruloplasmin and copper of serum, liver and kidney were measured, using Sunderman and Nomoto method and atomic absorption spectrophotometer, respectively. The minimum and maximum amounts of ceruloplasmin were 4 and 29 mg/dl respectively (20.92±4.17). The corresponding values for the copper of serum were 0.6 and 2.2 respectively (1.3±0.39). The corresponding values for the copper of liver were 87ppm and 570ppm (343.61±139.74) and the minimum and maximum amounts of kidney copper were 10 mg/kg DM and 36 mg/kg DM (19.79±4.26). There was a significant correlation (p<0.01) between ceruloplasmin and copper of serum (r=0.941). There was also significant correlation (p<0.01) between ceruloplasmin and copper of liver (r=0.572), copper of serum and copper of liver (r=0.533), ceruloplasmin and copper of kidney (r=0.488), copper of serum and copper of kidney (r=0.426) and copper of liver and copper of kidney (r=0.283), respectively. In conclusion the determined amounts of copper of serum, liver and kidney and the amount of ceruloplasmin were within the normal range. Finally, it can be concluded that the risk of copper deficiency is low in sheep in this area.

The part of the bovine genome showing a superior action and explaining the major part of variation of the economical production traits were known as QTL. PIT1, which is also termed hormone factor-1, is a pituitary-specific transcription factor which has is responsible for pituitary development and hormone expression in mammals. The main factions of PIT1 are binding and trans-activity the promoters of both growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) genes and polymorphism in this gene had significant relationships with both milk and meat production traits. This gene was subjected to different molecular studies as key for genetic variation in dairy cattle. This study carried out to analysis of HinfI polymorphism in PIT1 in Iranian Sarabi and Gholpayeghany cattle. DNA was extracted from blood or sperm samples collected from 82 Sarabi and 42 Gholpayeghany bulls and cows and submitted for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by digestion with HinfI restriction enzyme. The frequency of the A and B alleles of this gene was 76.8 and 23.2 percent in Sarabi cattle breeds and 73.7nd 26.3 percent in Gholpayeghany cattle breeds respectively.