Year:2002 | Volume:14 | Issue:4 (53 IN AGRONOMY AND HORTICULTURE)|Papers Count:21

Gorylus maxima are reported for the first time for flora of Iran. It has been collected from the north part of Iran. G. maxima have clear different morphology with G. avellana and G. pontica. Also G. maxima and G. avellana have cleared different between their pattern isoenzime with use PAGE. Also were recognized G. pontica from center and western of Iran. In the flora of Iran G. colurna was improved to G. pontica.

Chromosome banding patterns, showing number, location and size of heterochromatin bands, provide unique ways to identify individual chromosomes of a complement, to detect chromosomal abnormalities and to elucidate phylogenetic relationships among related species. This pattern can be used as the basis for detecting intraspecific chromosomal variability and interspecific genomic relationship. However, such banding patterns in Sorghum bicolor (L). Moeneh have rarely depicted except for Sorghum bicolor cv. Combine kafir 60. Since these chromosomes are small, they are difficult to be distinguished. In this study, c-banding technique was applied to the line IS2325 (2n=20) to determine the banding patterns of the chromosome complement. All chromosomes of the line IS2325 showed intensive centromeric c-bands. Intercalary bands were present in chromosomes, 3, 6, 7 and 10 with some variation in their position. Telomeric c-bands were indentified in both arms of chromosomes 1 and 2 and in long arm of chromosomes 4 and 5. Chromosomes 8 and 9 had only centromeric c - bands. Some c - bands were constant in showing their characteristics and some were facultative. All of the 10 chromosome pairs in the line IS2325 were identified by their c-banding patterns, along with their length and arm ratios.

Between two cutworm species collected by light and pheromone traps in sugar beet field in Shirvan, Agrotis segetum (Lepidoprera Noctuidae) with about 82% of the catched ) adults compared with A. epsilon, was the dominant species in the region, so the biological studies were carried out on this species. According to light and pheromone traps data, flight activity of adults in the number of the cached adults by traps show, there generations per year for this species in the region. Details of biology of this pest were studied using field cages. Since chemical control is a necessity, the possibility of integrated control using poisonic bait and microbial pesticide (bactospein) in a complete randomized design including five treatments each in five replications was investigated. The average of treatments was compared using least significant difference (LSD) test. The results of a one-way anova showed a highly significant difference between treatments.

Lippia citriodora (syn. Aloysia triphylla), a small tree known as lemon verbena, is used medicinally for its stomachic, diuretic and antispasmodic properties. Plant material was collected from National Botanical Garden of Iran, on 29 September 1998. The essential oils obtained by steam distillation from fresh leaves (0.57%) and flower (0.21%), was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main components of the leaf oil were 1, 8-cineole+ limonene (29.6%), geranial (11.0%), neral (7.2%), b-guaiene (6.0%), spathulenol (5.0 %) and caryophyllene oxide (4.0%), and the main components of the flower oil were 1,8-cineole+ limonene (14.2%), geranial (8.6%), b-guaiene (7.4%), neral (6.6 %), caryophyllene oxide (5.6 %), spathulenol (4.5 %) and neryl acetate (3.0%).

Cellular studies and alkaloid assay led to recognizing of biosynthesis of specific cells and tropane alkaloid reserved in leaf and stem of the plant. Quantity of these cells in stem is less than the leaf. Semi thin and ultra thin section of semi clear callus of leaf explant specified tropane alkaloids biosy thesis cells of Datura stramonium L. these cells named idiolect. In order to recognizing the Idiolects the ultra structure studies was done by using T.E.M. The results of this part are similar to the results of the light microscopy studies. The idiolects are clear, globular or elliptical voluminous, with thick cell wall possessing central big vacuole, with margin organelle and cytoplasm. The studies by using S.E.M specified that the cell wall surface is soft without any specifically armament in clear callus. But in semi clear callus it is rough with some multi nodules. It could be recognized by some regular crystalline structures of calcium oxalate nature. The new roots could be observed in callus organogenesis. Also the cell wall surface of cell suspensions was rough.

To investigate the effects of moisture and nitrogen stress on water use efficiency (W.U.E) of 4 cultivated perenial Medicago sativa, a glasshouse experiment was carried out. A factorial design with 3 replication sin the basis of randomized complete block was applied. Treatments include four levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha in the form of calcium and potasium nitrate), two levels of irrigation (35 and 75 percent of field capacity) and four Medicago sativa genotypes (Kerisary, Ghara Yonja, Sarbandi and Australian 2129). The results showed that water stress would affect W.U.E, evaporation efficiency, shoot biomass and Root/Shoot (R/S) ratio. Nitrogen application rates increased WUE, evaporation efficiency and shoot biomass. The highest WUE and shoot biomess were related to Gharah yonja genotype. This experiment showed that using 30 kg.ha-1 nitrogen would be able to increase WUE and forage yield under water deficit condition. Therefore it seems that using nitrogen in early season which raining and air moisture content is favorable / would increase forage production. Gharah yonja cultivar showed better response related to adaptation and yield production.

The main objective of this research was conducted with reduction of salinity stress by calcium nutrition on seedlings of wheat. The Zagros, Opaata/bow and Pegol Seri genotypes were selected for this aim. The plants were transplanted in hydroponics culture system with Hogland nutrient solution in growth chamber under control condition. The treatments were included 0 and 100 mM NaCl each one along with 2.5,5 and 10 mMCa2+. Salinity induced the significant reduction in total dry weight and leaf area but Opata/bow genotype by 18 percent and Pegol Seri genotype by 14 percent increase of dry weight in 5 mM CaCl2 treatment with salinity indicated significant lower decrease of dry weight and leaf area than 2.5 mMCaCl2 treatment. In spite of significant increase of Na+ concentration by salinity, 5 mM CaCl2 treatment with salinity caused significant reduction on Na+ concentration in roots of all genotypes and shoots of Opata/bow genotypes in the proportion of other calcium treatments. Salinity induced decrease of K+ uptake. However, 5 mMCaCl2 treatments improved significantly the K+ concentration in all genotypes. Though the Ca2+ concentration decrease under salinity, addition of CaCl2 to culture solution occasioned to increase of Ca2+ concentration in all genotypes. The results indicated that 5 mM CaCl2 reduced the toxin effects of salinity especially in Opata/bow genotype. Consequently, the protein content was increased in 5 mMCaCl2 treatment in compare to other calcium treatments. Further experiments are recommended on reproductive stage and other genotypes of wheat.

The germination characteristics of two varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneumL) were investigated at 5 levels of constant temperatures ranging 5, 13, 20, 25 and 32 C. Germination percent ranged from 0 to 90% and the maximum were observed at 130 c to 250 c. Germination percent declined rapidly at temperature greater than 200c and reached zero at 3i c. Rate of germination increased with increasing temperature to 250c and then decreased with increase temperature. Linear relationships were demonstrated between germination rates (1/D50) and temperature for each varieties. The cardinal temperatures base (Tb). optimum (T) and maximum (Tc) were obtained 2.5, 25.2, 320c and 320c for York and 0.9, 24.7 and 320 c for gold born respectively.

In order to locate the genes controlling drought resistance and screening quantitative indices of drought resistance in wheat, substitution line series of cheyne (donor) jnto the genetic background of chinese spring (recipient) were tested in a randomized completely block design with three replications under two irrigated and rainfed conditions in the research field of faculty of agriculture, Razi university of Kermanshah. Based on the potential (Yp) and stress (Ys) yield, quantitative criteria of drought resistance such as: mean productivity (MP), tolerance index (TOL), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HAR), stress susceptibility index (SSI) and stress tolerance index (STI) were calculated. The results of analysis of variance exhibited high significant differences among the lines for yield and yield components, indicating the presence of genetic variation and possibility of determination of the genes controlling these traits on the related chromosomes. The results of mean comparison showed that most of the genes controlling yield and yield components in the rainfed conditions are located on the chromosomes 4A, 7A, 20, 40, 50 and 6D. The results of correlation analysis between indices, potential and stress yield showed that the most suitable criteria for screening substitution lines were MP, GMP and STI. Evaluation of three dimensional plot indicated that most of the genes controlling MP, GMP and ST are located on chromosomes 7A, 1B, 25, 40 4-and 60 They can be used for improvement of drought tolerance in wheat Multivariate biplot resulted from principap component analysis showed that most of the genes controlling quantitative criteria of drought tolerance are located on chromosomes 7A, 1B, 20, 40 and 60 supporting the same results obtained from 3-0imentional plot. To determine the genetic distance 1 and to group the substitution lines, cluster analysis showed that the substitution lines 7A, 40, 6D and chaynne were in one group supporting the results of 3-0 and biplot.

The herb was cultivated in the research station of Alborz-Karaj. Essential oils were extracted from aerial parts of plant sat full flowering stage by steam distillation and by water distillation from fruit. The oil content was 1.3% in the aerial, parts and 2.5% in the fruit. Concentration and composition of the essential oil were studied by a GC/MS. Main constituents of the fruit oils were 3 a-pinene b-pinene, myristicine, elemicine and apiole which constituting 87% of the oil. Among 13 compounds of the aerial parts, oil; A-pinene, b-pinene, b- phellandrene , myristicine and mentha triene<1, 3, 8-para->constituting 90% IT of the oil.

This experiment was carried out to identify the importance of root formation in plant tissue culture technique and role of these roots in stage IV of tissue culture (Transfer to soil & acclimation). The plantlets of wild cherry, under three growth conditions (in vitro, and ex vitro - after 2 & 4 weeks) and with roots and without roots were examined for some physiological parameters. The observations showed that under in vitro conditions lack of roots had no effect on photosynthetic performance of plantlets, While, ex vitro rooted plantlets showed higher photosynthesis and Fv/Fm ratio, compared to non-rooted plantlets. The transpiration rate and hydraulic conductivity in rooted plantlets also were higher, in vitro and ex vitro, consisting with changes in stomata conductance and photosynthesis. Under controlled conditions of in-vitro and early stage of ex vitro growth with a high RH, a poor survival of non-rooted plantlets was observed indicating that a low photosynthetic performance may be important as loss of water.

Changes of activity of ironically bound peroxides (EC. 1.11.1.7) of olive trees during "on" and" off" years were evaluated during fruit ripening in the leaves and fruits of Olea eurpaea, cv. Zard from three regions of Iran (Roudbar, Gilvan and Zanjan). Enzyme activity of peroxides was initially high (fruit set stage), and then decreased during the subsequent stage of fruit growth. Enzyme activity was high at full fruit maturity (135 days after fruit set), and remained relatively high throughout fruit softening. Some of is enzymes bands of leaf tissues were observed only at full fruit maturity stage. In all cases activity of enzyme in the leaves of the trees during on year were considerably lower than those of the leaves during off year.

Chromosome studies were carried out on twelve populations of eight species of annual medics. Number of chromosomes, long arm length, short arm length, total length, long arm to short arm ratios, and short arm to long arm ratios were measured in at least five well prepared cells at metaphase stage of cell divisionin root tip meristems. Possible satellites and S- chromosomes were also recorded. The difference between the populations and chromosomes were tested using factorial statistical model, based on completely randomized design. Revealing significant differences between the populations and their chromosomes for their chromosome dimensions, the populations were classified by Duncan method of classification. A number of statistical parameters were also estimated for all the populations to investigate karyotype asymmetry. Using the Levan et al. Method of classification, the chromosomes were classified based on their centromer location. Four populations of Medicago polymorpha and M. radiata species had 14 chromosomes (2n=2x=14), eight populations of M.litoralis, M. truncatula, M. minima, M. radiata, M. rigidula and M. orbicularis had 16 chromosomes (2n=2x=16) and the only 30 chromosome species (2n=4x=30) was M. scutellata. It was the first time a polyploid population was recorded for the annual medics in Iran. Mixoploidy was also recorded in one of the studied populations of M. radiata.

The ber moth (Christ's thorn moth) is one of the most important pests of defoliator in Bushehr province. In this project the ber moth were collected over ber forests to identify and confirm their species in noctuidae family using male genitalia. The female's abdomen was cut after detecting them from males and was placed in cold KOH (10% solution) at 24-48 hours. Then it was transferred to distilled water and genitalia were come out in a precise process. Aedeagus was come out of male reproduction system and vesica was everted by a tiny syringe. The genitalia colorated then dehydrated in different degree of alcohols. At last elements were fixed in xylene and clove oil. The results showed Thiacidas postica walker (Lep: Noctuidae) is the most important pest (ber defoliators) in Bushehr. The tegumen of the male genital was large, strongly sclerotized and roof-like. The vinculum was U- shape and without saccus. Uncus was simple, interlay it covers by hairs, without corona and male genitalia has symmetric shape. proboscis lacking, palps with three small segments and the third segment is the smallest, antenna is pectinate, head and thorax full covered by scales especially on the notum. Apex of front wings with<90 c angle. External margin of wing (Term en) is swelling. Females with 16-20 mm length and wingspan is 40-44 mm. Males with 12-15 mm length and wingspan is 32-35mm. Head, thorax and front wings are grey - brown with black swell strips. Frontal wings with two pairs zigzags strips. Adults are preovigenic. T.postica walker often fined in low -heights paces and beaches, feeding on differentper species (Ziziphusspp.) There tachinid species with names Pales murina Mesn., Compsilura concinata Mg and, Drino nr. imberbis. Wied. were separated of larvae in the field. These species showed high efficiency and parasitism rate about 30%-70%.

In this project the concentration of lead in wheat and soil of adjacent farms of Behshahr Amol highway, as a heavy traffic transport means area, was studied for one year. For determination of lead content in agricultural product and soil in agricultural area adjacent to the main road, with considering the natural altitudes, 3 stations at area near the mountain and 3 stations at an open area (field) were selected and at each stations with a distance of 10, 20, 30, 50, 100 and 150 m from the main road, the soil and wheat sample were collected. The results of the statistical analysis (LSD - test) stated that there is a significant variations (with % 95 assuredly level) between the lead content of wheat and soil at 10, 20 and 30 m with those of at 100 and 150 m distance. On the other words, the concentration of lead in all samples is decreasing, with increasing distance from the main road. The results of the F - test on effect of mountain on accumulation of lead in agricultural farm, stated that, there is a significant variations of %95 assurity level, of lead content between the two considered agricultural farms (near mountains, and open areas - field). This means that the mountains and other natural altitudes of the area are having a good effect on accumulation of lead results from the traffic transport means.

Labor is one of the most important factors of agricultural production. Female and male labor have special oles in different processes of production. Therefore efficient use labor factor has special importance. One of the most appropriate, products which are important for this study is sugar beet. Its importance is due to the intensity of labor, presence of labor in different processes of production and its strategic role. Seven areas were selected in this study that have subjected under sugar factory of Bardsir. One hundred and fifty questionnaires were completed in this study. Production function and profit function were estimated for driving labor demand function. Factors that affects on labor supply and demand were evaluated. Analysis of wage determination criteria’s was some of the important targets in this study. This criterion’s included market equilibrium wage, value marginal product of labor and minimum wage. The results of this research were as follows: 1-Elasticity of labor demand was minimum in groups who have less than two hectares; 2- Current wages of labor were less than value marginal product of labor, equilibrium wages and poverty line in this area. Therefore, organizing of farmers association, improving work law and conversion industries were proposed in agricultural sector.

In this investigation the biosynthesis of tropane alkaloids (atropine, scopolamine and hyocyamine) and its metabolism in vegetative and generative phase of Datura stramonium L. were studied. The results obtained from analysis of aqueous and alcoholic yield from different organs in vegetative phase, showed that: Tropane alkaloids production begins at the end of 2nd week of seed germination and it increases at the end of 10th week. Alkaloids analysis showed that during the vegetative period of the root, scopolamine was absent and in generative phases atropine was increased 4 times as compared to scopolamine during vegetative phase in stem, both scopolamine and atropine were found and ratio of atropine to scopolamine was about 3. During generative phase the ratio was found to be same as vegetative phase Alkaloid analysis during the vegetative phase of leaves indicated that alkaloids reached to during minimum level in this phase and ratio of atropine to scopolamine was about 3:1. During generative phase the ratio was about 3:2. The presence of alkaloids in seed flower and capsule was investigated and in all cases tropane alkaloide was found. In mature seed, the amount of atropine was negligible, but scopolamine was detectable. Cytochemical studies using dragendrov indicator showed that in addition to the xylem tissue, there were some golden spots in the roots which specifies the transversal moving of alkaloids. These spots also were observed in parenchyma of stems. In the leaves, near the main and branched veins and particulars in the basic areas and dermal petioles these spots were traced.

Study on biology of Iranian walnut leaf gall mite Eriophyes tristriatus (Nalepa) was carried out during years of 1997 - 2000. The gall mite of walnut occurred at the lower leaves of trees crown. It was developed moderately into the median and upper parts of crowns. Maximum densities were appeared in the early September. The infestation of leaves was observed mostly on the young trees of on leaves of branches with less low diameters. The felted leaves were not considered as source of infestation in the late season of following year. Insects and wind were the major factors in distributing and transporting this mite. The average leaf infestation was counted to be about 18%.

Salinity reduces plant growth and development by reducing external water potential, increasing ion toxicity and interference with absorption of essential alleviate the harmful effects of excess salts on plant growth. In this investigation effects of different concentrations of phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) applied either as spray or added to root media on barley (Hordeum vu/gare, C.V. Karoon) and bean (Pharsalus vulgaris, C.V. Talash) were studied. Using PMA as spray under non - saline conditions and also adding to root media under saline conditions reduced the plant growth. However, under saline conditions (113.5mMNaCl for bean and 227 m MNaCl for barley, corresponding to -0.5 and -1.0 Mpa osmotic potential respectively), spraying plants with PMA (100 uM for bean and 100 - 750 uM for barley) resulted in an increase in both fresh and dry weight of the plants. There was also increase in K/Na ratio in the shoots. Applying PMA to root media at very low concentrations (0, 2,5 and 10 uM). Decreased the growth rate in both groups. It appears that PMA when applied as spray apparently by increasing stomatal resistance will reduce the rate of sodium transport to shoot in transpiration stream. This compound also by some unknown mechanism (s) improves K/Na selectivity transport to shoots. Thus, PMA by improving plants water balance, reducing the rate of sodium transport to shoot and improving photosynthetic efficiency, counteracts the harmful effects of excess salts application of PMA to root, adversely affects plant growth and damages root cell membranes probably by mercury metal present in this compound.