Year:2001 | Volume:14 | Issue:3 (52 IN ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES)|Papers Count:34

For the karyotype determination of Azarbayjanian native buffalo, peripheral blood Iymphocyte culture method was used in male and female buffaloes. The diploid model number of chromosomes showed 2n=50, out of which 24 pairs are autosomes. First five large pairs are submetacenteric and the rest of other 19 pairs are in telocenteric position. Two sex chromosomes are telocenteric too. The X chromosome is the largest telocentric in metaphase cells and the Y chromosome is also in telocentric group. G-band technique was used for adequate chromosome identification.

Copper content of liver, kidney, spleen, muscle, heart, hair and plasma sample of 40 domestic healthy adult (3-4 years) Iranian goats (20 non pregnant, dry female and 20 male) were determined by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Copper concentration in liver, Kidney, spleen, muscle, heart, hair and plasma were 28.2±19.09 ppm, 5.18±1.88 ppm, 2.95±1.68 ppm, 3.55±2.78 ppm, 4.50±1.98 ppm, 10.05±5.74 ppm, 1.18±0.92 mg/ml respectively. No significant difference was observed in the copper concentration of liver, kidney, spleen, muscle, heart, hair and plasma between two sexes (p>0.05). Copper concentration was significantly higher in liver than those of other organs (p<0.05). Copper concentration was significantly lower in plasma than in liver, kidney and hair (p<0.05). The highest correlation was obtained between spleen and muscle copper concentrations (r=0.63, p<0.05). Generally it seem that tissues lower in copper concentration had higher correlation between themselves than those which had higher copper concentration.

In this study in the period of 3 months, 45000 broiler chickens inspected in Kerman industrial poultry slaughterhouse for arthritis-tenosynovitis in hock joint. In this duration on the basis of macroscopic inspection only 11 carcasses were suspected. From these carcases samples were obtained for bacteriological and histopathological examinations. These samples include of synovial fluid, liver and heart blood for bacteriological study and articularcapsule for histopathological study. Regarding to results, in 11 cases arthritis-tenosynovitis were proved in histopathological study but in bacteriological study only from 6 cases bacteria was isolated. Allof the isolated strains was coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus. From5 cases any type of bacteria was not isolated. 

In this study which was carried out during 6 year period (1995-2000) at the laboratory of the veterinary network of Falavarjan city of Isfahan province on 3269 blood smears that obtained from cattle with clinical signs. The result of microscopical examination indicated that 16.7 % were positive for Anaplasma marginale. Therefore cumulative incidence of clinical case of this disease was 3.25%. Statistically incidence of anaplasmosis in difference years and difference seasons were significant (p<0.05). The incidence of anaplasmosis increased from 1995 to 2000 and in spring and summer was higher than other seasons.

In order to determine the effects of different starter rations on growth rate of young Sistani calves, forty day-old calves were assigned randomely to one four calf starter rations (5 male and 5 female/group), and reared in 2 periods. In the first period, all calves received equal amounts of whole milk up to 60 days old. Three is nitrogenous (18% crude protein) and isoenergy (3.08% ME/Kg) starter ration were formulated using of cottonseed meal, soybean meal of fish meal as protein supplement and were offered ad libitum to first, second and third groups, respectively, from 15 to 90 days of age. The fourth group of calves recieved only alfalfa leaves. In second period, all calves were housed in 4 separate pens and fed with a similar ration from 3 to 12 months of age. A completely randomized design with factorial arrangement was carried out to analyse the effects of different starter ration, sex and interaction between ration and sex. The average daily gain for 0-3 , 3-6, 6-9 and 9-12 months of age were 0.206,0.824,0.901 and 1.015 Kg respectively which were not significantly different between groups. The male calves had higher rate of gain during the period of 6-9, 9-12 and 3-12 months the females. No significant difference was found for milk consumption and feed conversion between groups. Based on the results of this experiment it might be concluded that performance of calves fed starter diets containing cottonseed meal, soy bean meal, fish meal and or alfalfa leaves were similar.

The possibility of using ketamine hydrochloride and combination of ketamine and xylazine hydrochloride were studied in common carp. The study was carried out on about 300 carps weighting 10-30 grams, in 24-26c water temperature, ketamine dissoved in water at different concentration (15: 200 mg/l). Ec50 and Lc50 in 15 min. for this drug were 35 and 170 mg/l respectively. For using ketamine and xylazine in combination, the fishes were placed in a solution of 15 mg/I xylazine for 15 minutes as a pre anaesthetic agent, then in different concentrations of ketamine (20-250 mg/l), in 1 min. In this situation, Ec50 and Lc50 for ketamine were 36.3 and 230 mg/l respectively as the result ketamine and combination of ketamine and xylazine could be used as an immobilization and anaesthetic agent in common carp but for their commercial use research need to do further research.

In this study the visited plants by honeybee and their flowering period were identified. for three to five stands were selected from three major climatical area of Markazi province. The honeybee coloneis were established on all of the selected stands on growing season. The pollen grains were collected by making  pollen trap s in front of the colonies. The plants which honeybee visited them collected until 3 k.m radious using direct observation and the kind and rate of  honeybee activity were determined as well (from the point of view of nectar or pollen). The samples were collected and pressed and identified according to national and international valid reference. In order to control direct observation, the pollen grains were, analyzed according to Erdtman method. On the basis of this investigation it was concluded that 138 plant species were identified which are used by honeybee. The flowering period of all of the species was determined. Majority of recognized plant species which are used by honeybee are from the families of compositae leguminosae - labiatae.

Study on scorpion is limited and very poor in Iran. The most regions of country have not been studied concerning the existence of scorpions and their biology. At present work the fauna of scorpions in Kohkilueyeh & Boirahmad and Chaharmahal-e-Bakhtiari provinces were investigated in 1378. The specimens of scorpions were collected during day time to search under rocks, barks and other surface debris, and also to dig the rodent &insect nests and crevices of land. Collected scorpions in order to determine of their taxa, were studied in laboratory. Therefore, 7 species including A. crassicauda, B. schach, M. eupeus, O. scrobiculosus, C. matthiesseni and R. zarudnyi from buthid familyand H. lepturus from scorpionid familywere identified in these provinces. Likewise some ecological characters of species, such as diversity, geographical distribution, density and homing behaviours were investigated. The highest diversity of identified species occurs in subtropical regions, lied in the south of these two provinces, and decreases toward the coldest regions in the north. The species H. lepturus, B. schach and M. eupeus are dominant and widely distributed scorpions in these regions. It is necessary to mention that the three described species and A. crassicauda are dangerous scorpions in these countries.

10 experimental and one control (Chineh 404) diets were used to determine the effects of varying levels of n3/n6 PUFAs on the growth and food efficiency of the white Indian prawn (P. indicus) juvenile (3-4g). 5 levels of n3n6 were adjusted using mixture of soybean oil (SOB) and one of two fish oils (cod liver oil or kilka oil) for each 5 diets. The rearing period was 2 months and the results showed the two treatments with 0.5 and 1 (with CLO) of n3/n6 ratios had significantly height efficacy (p==0.05) than the other treatments. n3/n6 levels of 1 and 0.5 showed significantly (p= =0.05) higher effect than the other levels without taking the oils kind in to account. Although the effect of CLO on the growth and FCR was higher than of KKO but the different between two oils was not significantly high (p=0.05). Also results showed temporary good effects for some treatments and n3/n6 levels that might reflect the fluctuation of biological and physiological characteristics of shrimp life. Each short of life period may needs own it's diet to meet the special biological requirements. This aspect needs more investigations.

The nutritive value of sugarbeet seed (Beta vulgaris) wastes (SBSW) was determined and utilized on fattening Chal male lambs. The proximate chemical analysis of SBSW for crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract were 14.3, 32.5 and 1.3 percent based on dry matter respectively. In vivo and in vitro digestibility for DM and OM were 40.7 and 54.2, 47.5 and 46.7 percent respectively. Rumen degradability of SBSW measured by the nylon bag and gas production technique (GP).DM and OM disappearance were subjected to the equation of Macdonald and Orscov. The 24 hour GP values used to calculate OMD and ME. The nylon bag results were shown to be low. The mean value of GPT for total gas volume and fermentation potential were 10.8 ml/24h for 200 mg DM and 13.3%. The values of OMD and ME calculated from data g~s volumes which were 414 gr/kg DM and 914 kcal/kg DM. TDN and DE values by in vivo have been measured for (SBSW), that were respectively 37% and 721 kcal/kg DM. Thrity six 6-7 month age Chal male lambs with the average body weight 29.5 (2.4) kg were used. SBSW was utilized on fattening lambs diet. A 100-d experiment lambs was conducted to use the dietary inclusions of 0, 8, 16 and 32% (SBSW) on lambs rations. A randomized complete block design with three weight groups (block) and four treatment was employed. At the end of experiment total lambs were slaughtered .The results showed that average daily gain, carcass weight, fat and tail fat weight were not affected by treatments. It was concluded that substitution of (SBSW) up to 32% by alfalfa hay in diet of lambs reduced the cost of fattening.

This study investigates the economic aspects of rural industries in Bushehr province which is one of the deprived provinces of Iran. With proper planning and optimal utilization of resources of the provinces specially rich aquatic stock of all kinds of fish, it is possible to alleviate deprivation from this province by stablishing and expanding packaging and processing industries, and the like. For this study, production function of different subsections have been estimated and by economic idices, we determine return to scale, importance of labor and capital, and labor and apital intensities of subsectors of different industries. Primary data, such as value of products and number of labor power, and stock of capital have been collected. Becaus of limited information, the data of twenty five provinces from, 1993 to 1997 have been used. The cobb-douglas production function is estimated for different sectors of rural industries by using panel-data approach. the results show that return to scaler is constant for feed, textile, chemical and cellulosic industries, and in mineral and metal industries diminishing return is dominated. The textile and mineral subsectors are found to have greater elasticity of production value with respect to capital relative to lab or, while in food, chemical and cellulosic industries that of labor is greater than capital's.

Fungi can be naturally found in water and soil. These microorganisms are one of the most important contaminates of animal or herbal food. Generally we use chemical preservatives. But because of the mutagenic character of most of those substances, and becoming resistance of fungi. using of preservatives have limited. Algea have biological activities and also contain antimicrobial factors to prevent the fungal growth. This issue is based on using of algal products as preservative in food. we collected ulva lactuca from Chahbahar . After microscopic and macroscopic studies and determination of the genus It was dried and collected as powder. Different solvents such as water, ethanol, methanol and aceton were used for extracting of effective substances. Fungi which were tested are fallows: Aspergilus niger, Aspergilus fumigates, Aspergilus flavus, Alternaria alternata, Risoctonia solani, Macrofomina phasolinna, Fusarium solani, Fusarium expansum and Penicillium dagerdi. Antifungal effect of various extracts of algea was determined by pour plate and well assays methods. In another research different extracts of Ulvalactuca were used as preservative in a way that we mixed herbal food, Indeed by using spectrophotometry, TLC,GLC and HPLC methods, the effective substances were evaluated. Results showed that algal extracts had inhibitory effects on fungus. Antifungal activity is ethanol, methanol, aceton and water respectively. Tested nutritioncantained algal extract didn't contaminate with fungus. Results of TLC method gave Rf of certain material by using dragendroph indicator recognized bonds of alkaloids. In spectrophotometry complex and varius compound were distinguished. Results of GLC were recorded as chromatogram. Acetonic extract had very high activity. Based an spectrophotometery and arranging HPLC on 245 mn. Obtained results showed certain compounds acetonic and alcoholic extracts. overall we conclude that alcoholic extract had more and aquatic extract had less activity. Gc/Ms, Gc/IR should be used for distinguishing these substance to seperate and recognize certain compounds.

Experiment was carried out in 84 days with 3 treatments (breeds), and 3 replicates (level of body weights), to evaluate the effects of breeds and different levels of body weight within each breed on fattening performance and carcass traits. Diet for each breed was the same and had 2381 kcal/kg ME and 14.42% CP. Feeding was in group, gain and feed intake measured daily and bi-weekly respectively. The result of experiment showed that kordi breed had a significant difference for ADG and total gain as compared with zandi and kalkohi breeds (p<0.05). Feed intake of kordi breed higher than others significantly (p<0.05). There was no difference between kordi and Kalkohi breeds in feed conversion, but zandi breed was significantly different to them (p<0.05). There was no difference between kordi and zandi breeds in carcass fat percent, but kalkohibreed was significantly different to them. (p>0.05) Economically, price of ration for producing 1kg of live weight was 1807, 1585 and 1560 Rials for zandi, kordi and kalkohi breeds respectively. Price of ration for producing 1kg of carcass weight was 3070, 3157 and 3506 Rials for kordi, kalkohi and zandi breeds respectively.

Establishment of a simple, fast and reliable procedure is necessary for study of ultrastructural features of mammalian oocytes. The present study was conducted to obtain a simple and reliable procedure to examine the fine structure of mammalian oocytes and/or embryos. Excellent quality immature oocytes from apparently non-atretic camel and ewe ovarian follicles were collected and rinsed with normal saline. All steps of fixation, dehydration and embedding of the oocytes were performed using only a cavity slide. An insulin syringe and pasture pippet were used for removing and adding the solutions, respectively. Therefore, no transfer of the oocytes was required from dish to dish. The study was replicated 3 times on 8 ewe oocytes and 43 dromedary camel oocytes. The technique applied here has the advantages that make a faster processing of the oocyte with a negligible possibility of loosing the specimen. Also obtaining high quality electron-photomicrograph of the camel oocytes was possible using this technique. Structures such as nuclei, nucleoli, mitochondria and cortical granules were preserved, photographed without any ultrastructural changes.

In a factorial experiment the effect of physical feed restriction on two commercial breeds of broiler (Ross vs Arian), two sexes, two initial body weights and three level of feed restriction (0, 15, 30%) were investigated. The restricted period was from 7 to 14 days of Wage. There was no significant difference in total body weight between two commercial breeds in any of treatments (0, 15, 30% restriction). feed restriction did not change body weight in Arian chicks, whereas in Ross chicks total body weight of 30% restriction treatment were. Significantly less than 0% restriction chicks (p<0.05). Feed conversion did not show any significant difference between two commercial breeds in total period after restriction the response birds to Feed restriction was better than those of female. The comparison of the performance of heavy and light weight groups in the response of feed restriction showed that the total body weight of heavy birds in two level of restriction (15, 30%) had no significant difference with the control birds, wherease light weight group birds in two level of restriction (15, 30%) were not able to show) compensatory growth until 56 days of age.

Foot rot is one of the contagious diseases of sheep and goats. The causal agent is Dichelobacter nodosus. The subject of this study was to prepare a multivalent Dichelobacter nodosus vaccine against foot rot in Iran. The experimental prepared vaccine consisted of tripticase peptone. protease peptone, Lab - lemco, yeast extract, L.argenine and glucose. the quality control of the vaccine was tested in sheep for safety and efficiency. The results of quality control of experimental vaccine were quite satisfactory in injected animals. The method of preparation and quality control of vaccine is described in this paper.

Biochemical patterns of twenty five P. multocida strains isolated from poultry in Iran were determined by using hexoses, pentoses, disaccarides and polyhdric alcohols. All strains were able ferment sorbitol. manitol, galactose, dextrose, w fructose, glucose, Mannose, and sucrose. However each of them couldn't produce acid from dulcitol, inositol, arabinose, salicine, rhafinose and inoline. According to this pattern all of isolates belonged to subspecies (biotype) multocida. Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns were determined against1 3 different therapeutic agents. Among antibiotics tested chloramphenicol, combination of , sulfamethozine an trimethoprim and nitrofurantoion were found to be the most effective (100% sensitivity) followed by w tetracycline (96%), penicilline (88%), and gentamycine (79%). Serotyping by Hedleston f method showed that the isolates belonged to serotypes 1, 3, 4 and 3x4. Except serotype 1, others are reported for the first time from Iran in this research.

The abundance and distribution of zooplanktons with plankton net of 55 mm mesh size were studied in 8 stations of Bohoo-Kalat estuary at southeast of Iran from ovember 1996 to Cye december 1997. The main zooplanktons of the estuary were copepoda (87%), protozoa (7.9%), polychaete larvae (1.3%) and barnacle larvae (1.2%). The monthly abundance of copepods 4 were up to 80% and then the dominant zooplanktons. Observed copepod orders were cyclopoida (90.1%), calanoida (8.9%), harpacticoide (= 1%) and poecilostomatoida, (0.002%). Protozoa consisted of different tintinnids also the genus helicostomella (97.3%) and foraminiferans (1.7%). Larvae of penaeid shrimps, as important zooplanktons, observed during february to april and also in September. The mean yearly density of zooplanktons was 687371 ± 266228 (n/m3). The minimal and maximal monthly density was sequencely observed injanuary and July. Besides the mean of total frequency of zooplankton, mean frequency of copepoda, polychaeta and barnacle larvae at July, and the medusa of coelenterate in April, were significantly different from other months by HSD Tukey test. There was not any Q. significant difference between monthly mean frequencies of other zooplanktons. The minimal and maximal density was observed sequencely at stations 3 and 8. Yearly density of zooplanktonic groups in the stations was not significantly different. Cluster analysis of the density of different zooplanktons in sampling months classed july in a different class from the other, months. This analysis detected that the station was different from other stations. 

Analysis of 6 enzymes and 6 electrolytes were carried out on fasting serum obtained from 38 kurd horses of both sexes. The mean, standard error and 2.5 to 97.5 percentile values were calculated for each analyte. The established reference ranges for this parameters were: AST (211.88-432.63 IU/L), ALT (5-12.63 IU/L), LDH (251.7-531.5 IU/L), CPK (154-353.88 IU/L), ALP (138.25-461.75 IU/L), amylase (2-7), calcium (8.8-12.41 mg/dL), phosphorus (2.19 - 4.2 mg/dL), magnesium (1.7-2.63 mEq/L), chloride (94.88-106 mEq/L), sodium (134.88 - 144.13 mmol/L), potassium (3.8-5.21 mmol/L). These ranges were compared with reference values of other horse races reported in literature.

This research is conducted to study effect of three feed restriction levels on growth and performance of production trails of Arian parent stock. The feeding level recommended in the Arian management guide considered as the standard treatment, and three, six, and nine percent less than the management guide levels were as three other experimental treatments. The live weight at 20 and 60 weeks and amount of feed consumed per egg produced by the birds of three restriction treatments were less than the standard level. The difference of egg production to 60 weeks of age and hatchability in four treatments was small and statistically not significant (p>0.05).

A survey has been done on parasites of different fish species (N = 290) from July 1995 to December 1996. Adult R. acus, a nematode, isolated from three fish species including pike (Esox lucius) (N=43), catfish (Silurus glanis) (N =5), perch (Perca fiuviatilis) (N =35) and larvae of the nematode isolated from three fish species including crucian carp (Carassius carassius) (N=82), tench (Tinea tinea) (N=6) and bream (Abramis brama) (N=20). In pike, the prevalence and the mean intensity±standard deviation were 72% and 55±4.7 respectively and the nematodes were recovered from intestine. The prevalence and mean intensity±SD in spring (84.61% and 7.3±5.4) were more frequent than autumn (56.5% and 3.31±1.93). Furthermore, its prevalence and mean intensity were closely correlated with size (length and weight). Crucian carp harboured the larvae of the R. acus in the tissue of intestine The prevalence and mean intensity±SD of the nematode in this fish were 24% and 4.1±3.67 respectively. Furthermore, the prevalence and mean intensity in spring (42.85 and 6.0±5.06) were more than autumn(15.62% and 3.5±3.21). The prevalence and mean intensity were closely correlated with the size of fish. The parasite was recovered from perch (2.9% and 5), tench (33% and 35), bream (10% and 3) and catfish (20% and 6) but not from other fish species such as common carp (Cyprinus carpio), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca).

During 1996-7 about 1395 faecal samples from buffalo including calves and adults, examined for cryptosporidial contamination. The samples were collected from four different age groups containing 0-6, 7-12, 13-24 month old and the fourth group was older than two years. All the sampels stained by modified ziehl neelsen method. In the microscopical examination, 144 samples were positive for cryptosporidium oocysts. The rate of contamination in 0-6, 7-12, 13-24 and older than 2 years were respectively 10.23, 12.64,9.79 and 9.37 percent. The total cryptosporidial contamination rate in buffalo population in West Azarbaijan was %10.32. The positive rate in males and females were 11.36% and 9.83% respectively and maximum and minimum contamination rates were in Maku (13.9%) and Mahabad (6.72%) respectively.

The quality control measures of the white Indian shrimp (Penaeus indicus) post larvae were studied on the eight, ten, twelve and fifteen -days old (PL8, PL10, PL12 and PL15 stages). Post larvae activity rates (AR) and their apparent criteria including color, feeding rates (FR), upper rostral teeth (RT), necrotic spots (NS), muscle to gut rates (MGR) in the sixth abdominal segment and, their length were investigated in this study. The tolerance of the post larvae in stressed conditions were tested by salinity drops of 10, 15, 20, 25 and zero ppt and exposure to 300, 250, 200 and 150 ppm formalin during 120 minutes. The results revealed that the PL15 had the highest tolerance and the PL8 had the lowest tolerance in salinity stressed condition. The Pis had tolerance in formaline exbosure. The PL15 had positive AR, 2/3 of their gut filled with feed materials, their MGR in the sixth abdominal segment were 3/1 w and had 5-6 upper RT With respect to the effect E of age on stress tolerance, it is recommended that grow -out ponds be stocked by the PLs with 15 days old after the mysis stage, together with testing salinity stress and their apparent criteria. However, incompleteness of the upper RT in the PL15 could be due to malnutrition. It is suggested u that by improvement of nutrition the apparent criteria and the stress tolerance of the PLs will be improved. 

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of rearing room temperature on semen collection, semen volume and sperm motility of Japanese quail. Thirty Japanese male quail (18 weeks age) were selected and housed under similar conditions. The quails were trained for semen collection by massage technique. The experiment was performed in stages, 10 day under 25±1C, 13, days under 30±1c and 16 days under 35±1c of rearing room temperature. Semen was collected daily) from randomly selected quails. Semen volume (ml) and motility (0/0) were estimated by the methods routinely used for chickens. The results of this experiment showed that the semen sample of Japanese quail can be obtained with a higher success rate and a better quality when rearing under 30±1C of room temperature.

Weight and length are of the most important factors affecting on the stock assessment and population dynamic studies which have been studied on Iranian freshwater crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) in different habitats. The mean total length and weight of samples caught from the Caspian sea were small lerthan the samples from the Aras dam. Also the length of the greatest samples from sea (156mmTL, 106.92gW) was smaller than the similar factors from Aras dam (186mm TL, 239.6g W). Sex ratio from catches was dominated by males in both habitats but differed greatly from the sea (M: F = 4.33: 1.00) to Aras dam (M: F = 1.33: 1.00). 65.2% of total catch from Caspian sea was longer than 102mm while 83.2% of total catch from the Aras dam was longer than 100mm.

Cutaneous lesions of fishes by viral, bacterial, parasite, mechanical and chemical agents are very 4 common. These agent increase infectious severity and mortality in fishes. In this study the healing effects of %5 zinc oxide and %1 phenytoin sodium ointment were compared on the gold fish cutaneuos lesion induced by surgical incisions. Ninety nine gold fish were disinfected divided then in 3 groups of 33 fishes. One group as control and the others as test groups that were treated by %5 zinc oxide and %1 phenytoin sodium ointment. Zinc oxide and phenytoin sodium were used on the lesions with ventral was induced in all fishes. Zinc oxide and phenytoin sodium were used on the lesions of the wounded fishes on daily bases for 20 days. No drug was used in control fishes. Histological studies of the fishes treated with phenytoin sodium showed rapid healing of their wounds comparing with other fishes, so that complete restoring of epithelial tissue was observed 10 days after inducing incision, In the control fishes and fishes which were treated by zinc oxide, wound healing wasnot completed even until 20 days after incision.