MOSKUYA
Year:2011 | Volume:6 | Issue:16|Papers Count:8

Putting determining effect on the fate of Iran, Islamic regions and global equations, Safvid reign establishment was the most significant event in the history of the world took place in the early of tenth AH and sixteenth century AD. Before, the Safavid king, Shah Ismail, comes to throne in 907 AH and establishes duodenal religion as the official religion of Iran, the country was a domain for successive combats among various claimants. For the next years after Mongol invasion, the country was still deprived of independence, territorial unity and consequently of independent political identity. Toward Safavid establishment, Uzbaks in the east and Ottomans in the west of Iran were ruling, each eager to expand their power in the area and if a firm power was not established, it would be seized by Uzbaks and Ottomans and Safavids were never able to gain their independence again. In such a time, Safavids establishment and development of its domain to the determined borders of Iran, revived a new life in the country whereas religious and political independence also paved the ground for national unity formation.

After the Martyrdom of Imam Sadiq (PBUH), his followers were divided into six groups. Among these six sects, two are known as the Isma'ili. The group that did not acknowledge the death of Ismail, the elder son of Imam Sadiq (PBUH), and maintained that he had gone on occultation as a savior, is known as the Khaleseh, the Khaseh Ismaili or the Waqifah Isma'ili (those who maintain that the chain of Imamate ended or stopped with Isma'il). Another group of the Ismaili acknowledged the death of Isma'il, but maintained that his successor was Mohammad bin Islmail. Given the role that the Isma'ili have played in the history of Islam and Shi'ism, it is necessary to shed light on divisions of the Ismaili from within. Attempts have been made in the present paper to study the creators of the Khaseh Isma'ili as well as the role of Ismail bin Ja’far in this group.

A man whose name was Ali-b. Mohammad arised in the south of mesopotamia in al Mohtadi Abbasid's caliphat era (255-256 A.H.) in the  middle of third century hegira (255 A.H.). He could carry along negro slaves with himself and shaked the basis of Abbasid's caliphate. The slaves who desired to escape from the yoke of injustice, after uprising, they themselves went the way that they avoided it, and they did planting, buying bondwoman and raising bondsman. They overrunned and devastated cities and villages. They dishonored, demolished homes and burned fields. Till the caliph of Baghdad dispatched his forces to the zone (266 A.H.) and after fourteen years bloody fights, the uprising was repressed by the death of Ali-b-Mohammad (Sahib al-Zanj) in 270 A.H. The research has been accomplished descriptively-analytically, and preparing note (transfering information) from firsthand and various sources. Its results are that  its expressing that the leader of the movement, did much to attain caliphate and used belief and religion to reach his amis. The present research tries to find appropriate answers to the following questions: How the uprising was begun, who was its leader, and what was his belief, prinaple, and religious sight and was he an Alavi or not?

After Constitutional Revolution along with its numerous problems, came alignment kinds of conflicts in the counter resulted increasing weakening of the Constitatianal Revolution and government force. This weak points and disability against  the hostile became interventions during the First World War. These expansionism policies of the united and allied countries in Iran provided many political, economic and social problems for our country. Finishing the era of regent "Naser ul-mulk" provided an open political condition that different parties and newspapers were urged to play more active role in internal and international problems. One of the important newspapers of those time called "Asr-e-Jadid" which was published by Mirza Abdul-Hamid Saghafi or "Matin ul-Saltaneh". This article tries to consider its viewpoints about Parliament and alignment government of that time and also its reflection to those time events.

Ardakan county, as the broadest county of the Yazd province, placed in the north of this province and in the midst of Iran central desert, at the way of Tehran-BandarAbbas highway and Ardakan proximity to Iran central desert caused intensive influence of desert climate on this zone, in this paper has been tried to survey historical geography of  the county. In the geographical situation section, natural situation of this town, rivers as water providers of this town and Ardakan appellation, geographical situation and confine, land status, mountains and Ardakan in geographical references is surveyed. In historical section is tried to survey subjects like Ardakan town historical buildings, professions, architecture, religions, ceremonials and etiquettes, Ardakan roads, devotions, mines, famous men of the town (who's who) and  Ardakan in itineraries.

This thesis is dealing with genealogy of a prominent Iranian family called Joveini. As it was usual, the administrative organisations were hold always by the experts who served one by one along the history in certain functions. To the best of our knowledge, Joveini family is known at least for four generations, in the capacity as bureaucratics. So far, they represent the mannership and behaviour of their own social class and are identified as the real Iranian administrators. To have a better understanding about those people who were jeopardizing their lies during the worst period of Iranian history, for everyone was aware of the brutality shown by mongols.

History and literature are in a close relation. Literature domain reflexes the political, social and economical changes. The adverb of modernity and constitutional thought had deep effect on traditional literature of Iran. The court verse literature and plebeian literature were challenged by obligated and pioneer literature and as a result, they were destroyed. The obligated poetry and the level of loyalty to it were considered as one of the substantial issues among the poets in constitutional period and the researches in the next periods. This article tries to study the obligation phenomenon and detect the differences and similarities between the obligated and non-obligated poets by considering the viewpoints and performances of the poets.

This paper presents an analysis of the first Umayyad administration in Egypt. After forming the Sofianids' government in Egypt, what needed to change in the administrative system and the government of Egypt, and what  evolution did in its administrative system, are the main questions to be considered that era.This article is based on the hypothesis that the Sofianids' government, fundamental changes in the administrative system in Egypt in order to achieve the established goals. By study of Egyptian main history sources belongs to the early years of Islam and matching them with the researches based of found papyruses with a (descriptive-analytical) method, we can approach the administrative  system of the Egypt's Umayyad first stale. The sofianids, such as the early al-Rashidun Caliphs, followed the administrative system which was employed before the Egyptian conquest. They administered the Divans through the non-Muslims. The emergence of  new Divans (offices) such as Barid (the post office), to take care of the governors and state agencies, Taraz (decoration of clothes) for, coordinating coverage of the courtiers and government posts, Ensha' (Rasaiel) for more coordinating between government agencies in the provinces and the caliph and the changes in the Jond (army) Divan and the tax system, created a new administrative system in Sofianids' period which became a basis for its development in the next era.