MOSKUYA
Year:2010 | Volume:5 | Issue:14|Papers Count:12

Rise of the Caliphate of Islam is the most important issues discussed by philosophers and scholars of various sects and religions, and political jurisprudence. Based on historical evidence and narrative, after the death of the Prophet, beliefs and morals of the Prophet, once again with new clothes, emerged gradually over the culture and Islamic Ummah of the Prophet (B G) was dominant. As was followed, vulnerability of the Caliphate and unhappy people, to introduce damages from the Caliph such as betrayal, vulnerability management, tyranny, failure to perform duties, away from people, bad ethics and spiritual leaders, such as power, worldoxication, wishing concession, has the highlights.This paper is intended to do at the general analysis on the historical position of Imam Ali (PBUH) in front of the caliphal injustice and his agents.

The connection between narratives in history with the narratives by Shahnameh (as if is faint-coloured and dusty), they have a lively and a close connections whit each other. History has recorded the kings and sovereigns behaviours and their deeds; and Ferdowsi (a wise and learned man) too, has releaved their cruelty manners.History and Shahnameh are reflections of the affections, spites, political and moral aspects of human beings, which appear in the sensational and doleful stories in history and Shahnameh, make learned men to mediate and to take lessons.Murdering the fathers and killing the sons (from the point of view of Shahnameh and history), is very very ugly and agreeable. But coveting and desiring to get married with the step-mothers is too blameworthy. Shiroyeh (the degenerate son of Khosrow Parviz), after killing his father and murdering fifteen numbers of his brothers, was eager and wanted to get married with his step-mother (Shirin).The faithfulness of Shirin for Khosrow Parviz, and her commiting suicide (in the circular building where Khosrow Parviz was buried), is one of the sensational, doleful and administering stories in history and in Shahnameh.

Iranian society at the beginning of Constitution Period entered a new stage of political and social changes that had very great differences with previous eras especially women attendance in social and political and cultural aspects. This change is worth mentioning that: so far, researchers believed that the women were isolated in various social activities during Qajar era. But new researches prove that the women have evarious active roles in political and social issues. Before Qajar era and during sovereignty of this dynasty training centers were limited to old-fashioned primary schools (Maktab khaneh) framework and their instruction content were as before; but in the middle of this era especially at the beginning of constitutionality the first step for founding education with new methods ws taken.In that closed and male-dominated society it was natural that education had been men contribution. But the women regarding the limited chance that was available for them by appropriate actions, also by direct and indirect attendance to admin-stering their justice they started so much efforts. At this era Iranian women organized themselves with no expectation of government support or legal supports, and by creative ways they established and managed girlish schools even in, they faced serious problems. Traditional oppositions of society with foundation of new girls Schools. Oppositions of foundation of girls schools not only had verbal criticisms but also they opposed in action, and the women in this way faced with challenges, while doing their efforts. Therefore, in this research it’s attempted to study the women role in formation of the new schools, and girls education during the Constitution Period and the problems they faced with.

Iran in middle years of the nineteenth century involved in large political, social and cultural changes due to expand of unwanted and unavoidable relations with European countries. Being familiar with manifestations of West Civilization provided the preliminaries for the circulation of thoughts for reform, modernism, seeking for law and justice in political and social system of authoritarian Qajar. Continuity of Iranian reform and justice seeking movement resulted in Constitutional Revolution. Iran Constitutional revolution (1906), although enjoyed from important political and cultural achievements but due to continuity of authoritarian culture and some other structural difficulties, it was unwished involved in difficulties and problems which continued to the end of Qajar dynasty. When the First World War took place and Iran was occupied by the United and Allies forces, social and political situation of Iran got worse and in such situation, coupdetat occurred in 1920. Reza Khan was one of the main members in coupdetat and he desired to establish order and security and make Iran powerful and from a central government. He was a representative for intellectuals who were disappointed of fulfillment of democracy and political development. The only way to save Iran was the formation of a powerful government and cultural and social changes. It was important because general situation of Iran after Constitutional Revolution subjected to pervasive political and social crisis and there was no chance for the society to be recovered. As reading and consideration of "newspapers" was known as one of the valid and authoritative sources for getting familiar with contemporary social history of Iran, so, the current article tries to examine and consider the social situation of Iran in the years of 1923 to 1925 based on Tehran ewspapers.

The vast Iranian country was ruled Islamic caliphs following the fall of Sasanid government. The Shiite Buyids governors were succeded to capture Baghdad appearing some failures in the Abbassid caliphate principles. Thereby, the common and final objective of the Iranian and Shiite was reaviled to remove the Abbassid dominace over Iran. Buyids Kings disappeared the Abbassid authorities in political, economic and religious affairs and made them their quislings and turnd caliphate into a super facial and without government post. They popularized the Iranian and Shiite traditions and customs in Baghdad. The caliphs were freed from Buyids king dominance capturing Baghdad by the Sunnite Seljuqians.

This article is dealing with the silk trade during the period starting from Ilkhanid dynasty coming up to the Safavid Era. None the less , silk was a precious material for all human being along the history, but the merchants, most European had a lot of trouble to import it from the eastern countries mostly because of the troubles coming out from the troubled political and social situations.So we understand that the well-sett governments such as Timurid and Safavid were amongst the persuaders of the merchants both western and eastern side, to cooperate for silk trade and consequently bringing wealth to their treasury.

Policy-writing or political words-of-wisdom-writing is a way and pattern of governing a territory, which is transferred from Iran of Sassanid period to Iran of Islamic period. Political words-of-wisdom-writing is written to influence and balance political behavior, and itself is considered as a great source of explorations and deliberations in political thinking of Islam and Iran.Continuous presence of Arabs, Turks and Mongols in Iran, not only was followed by continuity of the tradition of political words-of-wisdom-writing, but also the same forementioned factor, became the most important factor in cultural and civil degeneration and dissolution of Iran. One of common conceptual perturbations and bases among political words-of-wisdom-writers, from Sassanid period to the establishment of parliamentary system in Iran, was justification and representation in the form of governmental system of absolute monarchy. In this way, here, this article tries to describe and reread issues related to power construction criteria and principles in Iran of the first two A. H. centuries which was on continuity of governmental regime of “absolute monarchy”, on the basis of words-of-wisdom-writing texts.

Shah Ismail I (1501-1524) was an open-handed and spender man in his government and paid more attention to his relatives in dividing the governmental interests. Too many fiefs were dedicated to his relatives or heads of Ghezelbash (Mongol soldiers) so that became as determinant factors of economical life of country. Even the court women also gained huge wealth and property or they endowed a lot in order to prevent losing their properties.In addition to trying to sanctify the Ghezelbash throughout the Iranian society in those days, their commanders had gained too much wealth and power. They also had moved from nomadic life to living in palace and they didn’t also put aside their primary habit i.e.plundering.The rural low classes paid tax very much. Maybe, its results could be seen in the limited construction efforts in the late rule of Shah Ismail. By the way the status of Iranian social classes,( Except Ghezelbash Sufis and the court statement) was not good in Shah Ismail times due to the internal and external disputes but it was not completely disturbed. The Safavid government was settling and establishing and the best economical advances could be found during the reign of Shah Tahmasb and Shah Abbass I. In this article, it is tried to study the economical status of the court men, statesmen, Safavid Sufis and Ghezelbash.