JOURNAL OF RURAL RESEARCH
Year:2010 | Volume:1 | Issue:2|Papers Count:7

Introduction Rural communities and their services and productive activities, because of their strong relation with the environment, have always been exposed to disastrous natural powers. Therefore, residents of every region learned by experience to, apply some approaches and measures to confront these events and reduce the damage of them in their community. Public attention has always been focused on physical factors and the human-made environment and especially on housing and it hasn' t paid attention to an integrated attitude that would include economical, social and environmental systems. Regional rural development in the borders of rivers and the bed of flood plains regardless of the rivers, Hydrologic and Dynamic conditions in basin topside, incentively increases flood danger, bane, financial and infrastructure damage in rural regions. In this article with attention to climate characters, topographic profile in flood plains, rainfalls sustain time and flood recurrence period, we study flood zoning in course of Gorganrud River to identify rural point in flood hazard. The Danger of flood in Iran, increased concerningly in the early years, which was the result of interference and human activities in the ecological structure of the surrounding environment, and in each period of time, as regards to the community developing level, the approaches pursue to reducting this disaster. In fact, using this planning management pattern the rural people's condition could change toward themselves in their environment and also using their potencials and experiences, they could benefit trom flood management. On the other hand, about the flood phenomenon. and its occurrence in earlier decades, a new pattern of planning management is found, that more than structural management focuses on nonstructural management. Rural points in Gorganrood basin are permanently affected by flood.Methodology This method could aid planners to think of the necessary planning and management schemes for danger reduction before the occurrence of flood in rural areas and for rural flood hazards to the minimum limit. To achieve this result, we used HECGeoRAS model in GIS sphere and LANDSAT ETM+ satellite images, DTM and etc.Results show the utilized model is a useful and appropriate tool for flood management in rural areas. With this attitude, in this article we have tried to use descriptive and analytic methodology, in answer to the key question "what are the effective factors (economical, social and ecological) in the flood management process with participatory approach, during the three periods of flood occurrence (before, along and after) ." Results & Discussion Therefore, this study tries to study the attitude of the rural people toward participation and its efficiency in the reduction of the (destructive) impacts of flood.For this purpose, in three economic, social and environmental dimensions the particiopation of the rural people in the three periods of flood occurrence, before, along and after was studied with attributive and territorial methodology and with descriptive and statistic analyzing method. The Result of this study demonstrate this reality that the authorities prefer economic participation, but the rural people believe in social participation in flood management. On the other hand the two groups under study believe that participation has a higher influence in flood management it made before their of flood.Conclusion As we will mention in this chapter, water-based threats and risks have been considered as one of the energy related and expensive problems in many countries.That is why we assumed them as ever increasing difficulties of the present world which require serious attention. It must be noted that despite inevitable effects of the local conditions, we have to use the experiences of other regions in such risks management; also, the necessity of local communities' participation is very efficient as the first and the most important vulnerable population. In the present research we define and state the flood management, also we define disaster, participatory management and the flood management. Then we explain traditional and modern approaches on the flood management. The traditional approaches contained structural and none-structural ones which were replaced by the modern approaches; because they had very little success in the flood management arena. The modern approaches contained systematic or integrated management and community-based or participatory management that were replaced and combined in order to be effective and efficient. We also explain the advantages and the aspects of the community-based and participatory approaches in the flood management, in order to study whether such approaches enable the local communities and villages to reduce threats and damages and whether they are responsive to the research questions.

Public Participation, from the viewpoints of experts, is so valuable that sometimes becomes equal to development or the means or the purpose of development.Participation as a social reality and essence of human societies, has roots in human social life and is among processes that have changed into multi-forms by lapse of time. From the past times villagers have had numerous Participation behaviors in form of self-help, others-help and cooperation, some of which still exist. These types of Participation are intentional, voluntary, spontaneous and without intervention of an external factor.The influence of the government on the rural society after land reforms and the villagers support oriented policies, assignment of farmlands, granting contributions to the villagers in cash and without exchange, performing civil projects with the government budget and western development programs without any coordination with the Iranian rural society, led to disappearance of traditional participation patterns and the government could not find a suitable substitute for these patterns; this trend caused the fading, and in some cases, complete disappearance of rural spontaneous participations and cooperation and many activities were expected to be done by the government. In fact, the concentrated government was not in need of the participation of people because it had achieved new financial resources (oil sale * E-mail: taleb_iryahoo.fr Rural Research Quarterly Summer 2010 income, etc.) . No tax was demanded from the people but their needs were not met and consequently the people and the government were separated.To compensate inequalities and to remove deprivation, the contributions were increased during the years after the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. In the beginning of the tormation of the Construction Tihad, no emphasis was placed on the work of rural people, instead, teams of nobel people were dispatched to villages for harvesting or fruit picking.In the past only the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Civil was in charge of the rural sector, but sin', ce after the revolution, different institutions such as Construction Jihad, Ministry of the Interior, Welfare Organization, cooperatiues Organization, Foundation for the Poor, Imam Khomeini Relief Committee and Martyrs Foundation intervene in rural affairs, Instead of gradual guidance, they have continued to intervene and help the rural people and this fact has caused people to be more dependant on the government and it has decreased the spirit of self-sufficiency and participation. In fact, Participation is a multi-dimensional flow, i.e. its legitimacy is not materialized by the government alone, because in different societies, especially rural ones, there are some institutions that were formerly founded based on the requirements of the time and have survived so far and have obtained their legitimacy from their social, cultural and ethical characteristics, with no need for the governments', legislation.Obeying the imported patterns regardless of the cultural, social and economic record of the village and the establishment of new participation institutions, has caused rural people to be more dependant on the government and also traditional Participation patterns are neglected. Unfortunately in Iran, "Modernity" refers to a group of economic and social evolutions mainly made by the highest point of fluency and power.In this paper, a number of solutions are presented to make a balance between the traditional Participation patterns and modernization programs. In this regard combinational solutions are proposed that while enjoying local knowledge of rural people, certain parts of modernization programs that are in coordination with the bases of tradition and culture of the rural societies, are selected to revive the Participation of the rural people.In order to get this result, we are in need of adjustment of power and shrinking the base of the pyramid of power, paving the way for the activities and the Participation of the rural people, increasing the spirit of collectivism, improvement of the relation between the government and the nation, increasing the tolerance of Rural Researches Quarterly Summer 2010 government officers when assigning responsibilities to people, ciecating groups and shifting responsibilities, paying attention to social and cultural expectations, requirements and priorities of the society and contribution of centracts to partners by the government.

Introduction Housing is one of the most important humans' requirements and is one of the geographical phenomena of a region, and geographical factors (that differ in each area and present specifiction of each area) have an important role in sharing its kind besides the ethnical, historical and psychological factors. Human and its surrounding environment, in small ana large scales have mutual relations and by profit or force and innate flexibility for agreement with environmental conditions, is trying to improve his surrounding environment and the outlook of this improvement is obvious in different parameters of housing and variables contributed in determination of conditions of housing. Lack of proper accommodation is one of the important problems in our country and is considered as one of the emergency issues in the society and is extremely vital and for the same reason, it has been in focus in the Islamic Republic Constitution to provide proper accommodation for all society classes as a right for each individual (article 31 of the constitution) .The seventh chapter of international biology and development conference in spring of 1992 is also a report under the topic of promoting stable development of human accommodation in which we focus on different discussions regarding stable development of human accommodation, stable management programming of land application, programming promotion, and humane accommodation management in accident prone regions, providing environmental infrastructures, promoting stable energy systems and transformation in human accommodation. This report consists of all the discussions regarding the development of human accommodation and it can be a proper guide to providing development programs for human accommodation and we expect that they wiykd be considered in establishing accommodation programs for the country.On the other hand, a great part of the country's constant investments is exerted to building activities and since these activities are effective in production and activity of many industries, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of accommodation the situation of in different cities and country parts.Methodology The current research has been conducted with the aim of analyzing parameters and determining the effective parameters in country accommodation development in geographical sections of Kohgilouye-va-boyerahmad and classification of each of them. As it can be seen from the text, this study is an interconnected and descriptive type and has used statistical methods (factor analysis and cluster analysis) to analyze regarding variables, and then using geographic information system as a system composed of: hardware, software, live ware, geographic information, methods and analytic models that are used to obtain, store, manage, process and analyze information, it provides the necessary support in order to manage all the required information to plann agriculture. the analysis results are shown as a diagram so as to achieve the optimum state of country accommodation by accurate programming.Results The comparsion of each variable changes the arrangement of each township in the table. In the present work, using human and housing public statistics of kohgilouye and boyerahmad province in 2006, 53 variables (reduced to 23 indicators) were studied. Then variables were reduced by factor-analysis method and presented in meaningful factors as a compound. Therefore, the first element, namely the facilitations, that accounts for 26.006 percent of social variance, was identified as the most important determinant in accommodation situation of Kohgilouye and Boyerahamad countryi the second element, namely ownership, which accounts for 18/131 percent of social variance is the second important determinant. The third element namely constructions, which accounts for 10/576 percent of social variance is identified as having positive and upward interrelation and the fourth and the fifth element, namely facilities and structure strength respectively, accounted for 9/361 and 6/988 percent of social variance and the other elements did not have any substantial impact on the accommodation situation.Conclusion The result from utilized analysis shows that the central part of Boyerahmad is solely located in one level, Patave, Gachsaran Markazi and Central kohgilouye parts are in another level and Kabgian, Markazi Behmayi, Lande, Markazi Dena, Sarfavyab, Charam, Basht, Lodab, Dishmot, Charosa, Bahmayi Garmsiri and Margon parts are located in the next even level. In the next stage, the impact of housing conditions and the percentage of each factor is determined, then township classification and determination of harmonious township is performed by SPSS software and clusteranalysis method (determining harmonious group basis on the minimum distance), Therefore the townships were grouped in 3 clusters. Finally the result of leveling sections mapped by geographical information system software (Arc view) special distribution of developing rural housing and place of each section of Province were identified in condition of developing rural housing.

Introduction The most important subject in Uillagers' researches is the survey of households' incomes. Most of Iran villagers are farmers and they live with the income of selling agricnltural products. Therefore every event that damages their products, can cause villagersto become poor. In this paper, we introduce a model for studying the effects of improvement of agricultural products on poverty in villages. For empirical survey, we review the effects of improvement of agricultural products on workers' wages in villages of Gorgan and Gonbad e Kavoos with NLS method and survey the effects of good weather on poverty in rural sector. Results of this paper show that improvement of products in agriculture sector can be the way for confronting poverty in villages and securing villagers living.Methodology In this paper, we divided poverties to three fields. First, workers that work on the lands of others. Second, people that own their land, but their land is too small to have enough products and their productions are very low. Third, people that do not own a land and should work on others' lands. Now, when agricultural products decrease, these people's income declines and then poverty rises. This classification comes from studies of Barret and Dorosh (1996) . They used this classification in their studies in rural sectors and with this classification, we can survey poverty better.In this paper, as an experienced work, we survey effects of improvement of productions in agriculture sector on poverty in some rural parts of Iran. Moreover, since rice is one of the most important productions in Iran and many farmers live with income that comes from selling rice, we limit our survey to the effects of improvement of rice productions on the lives of the farmers of Gorgan and Gonbad e Kavoos. The Reason for this limiting is existence of data of agriculture's productions and yearly products of these lands. Therefore, we limit our survey to 300 farmers of these villages in the years of 1370 to 1386. In this paper we use NLS that is an econometric method for estimation and is stochastic.Results In this paper we divide poverty to three groups, people that do not have land, farmers that work on lands of others and people that have small lands to proauce only their foods. Then we select a sample with the size of 300 ricer farmers from rural parts of gorgan and gonbad e kavoos in the years of 1370 to 1386. Then we estimate an equation with NLS method.Results of this estimation have shown that weather has affected farmers' productions. Therefore, if the weather is bad, the farmers' productions will be very low and consequently the farmers' income will be very low. It there fore damages the lives of households. In this paper we consider the improvement of agricultural productions as increasing productions of real land and it has a positive relation with workers' wages. We show that increasing the number of farmers has negative effect on real wage of each worker, because with the rise of supply of labor, the wage of each worker declines. The Number of lands has positive relation with real wage of each worker, then with increasing of number of lands, the wage of each worker rises and the reason for that is the increasing demand for workers.The Important result of this paper is that weather is a very important factor that affects on farmers' productions and therefore it affects poverty. The aim of this paper is to show that improvement of agricultural products can affect the improvement of rural workers' wages and lives of Landers. Then our surveys show that good weather is an effective factor on poverty in rural sectors.Conclusion Results of this survey show that improvement of productions of agriculture sector cause the improvement of rural workers' wage and secure food for all the people of Iran.We show that weather is a factor that affects poverty in rural sector and can cause decreasing of productions in this sector and cause decreasing of demand for employment of more workers.Therefore, we proposed that different ways for improvement of productions in agriculture sector can cause the rising of workers' wages and can secure food for the people of the entire country. Improvement of methods of swimming and using soil and improving the protection of government from agricultural products instead of Importing different kinds of products that are produced by internal farmers in our country, can improve productions in rural sector.In the end we should say that paying attention to the lives of rural people can prevent the migration of rural people to cities.

Introduction The exhaustion of resources as one of today's crises, requires the use of scientific methods and making appropriate policies and sustainable development.Environmental planning for sustainable development requires considering and assessing the environmental capabilities and comprehensive use of land resources in a rational framework. Planning for optimum use of current lands will lead us to correct use of lands according to their abilities. In the framework of this planning, lands would be evaluated and their coordination with the uses will be measured according to their ecological abilities. In this study, evolution is made multilateral by taking into condiceration all aspects of environmental situation of a region as a planning unit. This arises from the strong interrelationship between the agricultural development and environmental resources.The present study attempts to assess the environmental capabilities of a rural region (named Choghakhor located at the Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari province in southwest Iran) for agricultural development assuming that the region is environmentally capable for comprehensive and sustainable development. In the studied area, destruction of resources, changing land use and reducing farming lands, destruction and erosion of soil, lack of economical bases, unemployment and lack of investment, indicate that the resources are not being correctly and show the need for evaluating environmental capacities for developing agriculture and rural stability.Methodology The approach in this study is descriptive- analytic and for gathering the information, different documents - field methods like observing, interviews and current information, books, magazines and maps are mixed. For analyzing data the and maps we used different programs and for evaluating environmental abilities we used ecological models.In this study, the two concepts of "environmental abilities" and "evaluation" are in the center. By environment alabilities we mean a set of environmental data which are effective in human's economical usage. Evaluation of environmental abilities is determining possible usage of land for different purposes.Methodology for evaluating land abilities and calculating it coordination for different uses, there are different methods. In this study to survey the situation and ecological abilities we used the method of systematic analysis and ecological model of Makhdoom. The steps of the work are taken from the steps of planning and preparing the land which was presented in 1993 by Dalal, Cliton and Dent in England. For preparing the required maps, we used Topographic 1.25000 maps of Avargan, Zeverdegan, Beldaji, Sabz Koh, and for analyzing the data we used Corel and Arc view. In addition, vast field studies were done at the time of collecting information.Results Results and discussion the environmental capacities and ecological resources of the region were then identified and the relevant data was provided as layers based on the land use planning methods and a systemic analysis approach. Following that, the homogenous units and their land-use priorities were distinguished based on the ecological criteria and capacities. For determining the preferences, a principal measure is the current situation of the land. This is done in different ways. Here, we used comparison method which is done both quality wise and quantity wise for Iran.Research works of Noori (1995) by the title of " Determining regional differences and evaluating the potentials of agriculture of Esfahan ", Evans et al (2000) by the title of "Evaluating of environmental abilities for developing agriculture in Hanford", Kauzeni et al (1993) by the title of "Evaluating recourses and land use planning in Tanzania", Fallah Miri and coworkers (2008) by the title of "Ranking Ecologic power of agriculture of Kesililan by GIS", Babaii and Onagh (2006) by the title of "Evaluating development power and preparation of auriferous region of Poshtkooh" and Sahrifi & Makhdoom's (2004) "Preparation of lands of auriferous region of Kabar - Kohk of Qom", are listed in the researches in this field.Conclusion Conclusion As the results show, most of the lands in the studied area were assessed as uncapable for grade 1 agricultural practice, but they are appropriate for rangeland and grade 2 and 4 agricultural activities. In conclusion, although the land resources of the studied area are not suitable for long lasting agriculture, dry farming and irrigated gardening are strongly recommended for the region. Moreover, correct use was seen in very few cases, and converting lands to waterless cultivation which is done in many places, has caused soil erosion. Also, every region has lots of environmental resources like trees which are not used yet.

Introduction The agricultural sector is exposed to a variety of risks, which occur with high frequency. These include climate and weather risks, natural catastrophes, pests and diseases, which cause highly variable production outcomes. Therefore, Farmers may make decisions every day that affect farming operations. Many of the factors that affect the farmers' decisions cannot be predicted with complete accuracy. Farming has become increasingly risky as farmers become more commercial. Farmers need to understand risk and have risk management skills to better anticipate problems and reduce consequences.In the recent decades, production risk has been one. of the important risk resources that have impressed farmers, lives and caused falling income & increasing vulnerability. Research findings show that the impact of production risk is not limited to the stark evidence on damage costs or lost lives, but also reflects the possible impact on the development trend of a particular country.Kermanshah is one of the disastrous provinces in Iran, where agriculture is the basis of livelihood for the majority of the population. In this province, many production risks, such as low rainfall, drought, hail or heavy rains, pests and disease, breakdown or unavailability of equipment and spare parts occur every year.The main purpose of this descriptive correlational research was to determine the factors influencing the strategies used for production risk management by com farmers in Kermanshah Township. To reach this purpose, the following objectives were considered: - to study socio-demographic characteristics of com farmers, - to analyze farmers' perception toward production risk, and - to rank strategies used by com farmers for production risk management.Methodology The population for this study was the com farmers of Kermanshah Township that have previous experience in com production (N=3239). A systemic sample of farmers was selected (n=30). Amos and SPSS were used for data analysis.Results and Conclusion Based on the findings, most farmers believe that production risk is an economic phenomenon that cannot be controlled. This risk resource has long-term effects on farmers' lives. In addition, this phenomenon will increase the feeling of anxiety & defeat in farmers' lives. the level of usage of new strategies for managing production risk among com farmers was very low. Com farmers in Kermanshah Township manage control risk production in a moderate level. Age, land ownership, and farm income were the most important factors influencing the level of usage of strategies for managing production risk.

Introduction The most important and principal discussion related to agriculture and village is the role and task of agriculture as the main and common economic rural activity. As today, many of researchers and scientists, regard the agricultural development as the main strategy and main guideline of rural development, and believe that agriculture as the main resource of income and vocation options plays an important role in rural development. With no doubt, the movement of one country towards development and prosper, is not possible but through correct usage of all the resources and capacity. For this, there have always been different obstacles in country villages as the bed of agriculture activities that usually yield negative and harmful effects to this section. Correct collation with these obstacles and realization of agricultural development objective, requires reviewing past experiences, acknowledging current status, outlining the future observation and accurate evaluation of possible breakthrough from current situation. This is not possible but through necessary and relevant requirements for each region that are in harmony with reformations and country needs for taking advantage of scientific and technical innovations. Thus, in this test we study the agricultural challenges in the east Silakhor village in accordance with the important role of agriculture as the common activity of villagers and studying its influence of population status of the study region.Methodology The research method is survey which is obtained collecting statistics and data from interviewing, observation and questioner. The statistical population of this research was the parents of all the 12 villages of east Silakhor. Thus, initially we obtain a deeper understanding of the related village by using population statistics and reports of related departments in the state and section and center of village and using GIS software for frequency map of villages and some of supplementary data with the subject. Then a questioner was provided named village questioner, in order to name features of each village and vocation status in the region. Then, another questioner was provided in order to obtain accurate data regarding the status of agricultural lands, harvest method, irrigation method, popularity and other issues and their effect on decrease in land under harvest and recognition of the main obstacle in agriculture of region and studying the change in land under harvest and the population status of the study region. In this questioner, the Cochran formulation was used in order to gain the logical size of population sample. A sample size of 147 was collected according to the social volume of 1617 families, in order to assure the validity, 150 parents were chosen for replication. In order to be in regard with task technique and principals and credit amount and perpetuity in edition and arrangement of questioner, the context of questioner was supported in all the sections by consulting the experts of agricultural development, irrigation and harvest in the region, and then 30 questioners were completed and distributed as the initial test in two villages of research region that were not part of statistical samples, and using obtained data and using the special coefficient of Alpha Cronbach in SPSS software, the validity coefficient of questioner was more than 0.87. The results from statistical analysis in SPSS software show that the distribution of lands and their small lands causes less usage of machinery and non usage of new irrigation methods have had a significant role in losses of resources and this issue as the most important element, had a significant role in releasing many of lands in lands of east Silankhor village.Release of many lands finally resulted in reduction of income and unprofitability of agriculture works in the region and has had a significant role in reducing the population.Results and Conclusion As results show, the weakness of agricultural basis and unsatisfactory income form it has the most significant role in reducing the east Silankhor village population in 10 past years (1377-1378) . Also in order to analyze the population status of this village, 1377 was used as the onset year and we studied the expected population according to natural growth rate in 10 past years in region villages (2.25 percent). In this regard the final growth rate and villagers immigration was respectively -0.70 and -2.96 which show the bad situation in this village. Instituting cooperative companies, developing agricultural development projects in the village like total modification of water network, support the quality and quantity of training programs, public communication and developing the integration of lands regarding more cooperation of farmers and executive institutions, are propositions that are provided based on research results.