JOURNAL OF RURAL RESEARCH
Year:2015 | Volume:6 | Issue:1|Papers Count:10

Introduction: The future development of agriculture and the preoccupation of policy-makers and development specialists And many efforts by the authorities in recent decades has been to promote this sector. While development efforts on rural lands "inefficient" and "traditional" and No conclusions favorable to the government's continuing political elites and the lower support of local and regional initiatives begun. The study of the social and economic development programs can be said that political management efforts based on this approach, How community development programs in order to promote the ideas and ideals of modernization discourse. Follow this strategy in the process of development programs in the country creates problems for the agricultural sector and the rural settlements of the undesirable brought to outcomes. Instructions and force modernization and the operation should be subject to the laws in the state outside of the rural, and he had no role in its development. Dialogue on all aspects of social and economic modernization with its own sovereignty penetrated rural communities and with Spoof of peasant life and its integration with the local and national level on the subject of disciplinary entrepreneurial foundation. This is the only reference to public policy-orientated to center ruralrs are responding to problems and where should aim to balance the inner realities of rural life and farming practice is to eliminate the inner realities of agriculture and rural life is on. In this connection, the fundamental question of this study can be considered as follows: The development and application of agricultural and rural development based on criteria on what basis and properties of interest and the interests of local communities and active in balanced match lifters who strive to improve the situation of rural and agricultural?

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the development of organic farming worldwide has showed a strong growth. According to the latest survey on certified organic agriculture worldwide, statistical information on organic agriculture is now available from 160 countries, an increase of six counties since the last survey. There are 37.2 million hectares of organic agricultural land and Iran has 913 hectares organic agriculture land. In this paper, it is aimed to review the place of organic agriculture and produce of healthy food and food chain in sustainable development and role of extension in development of required education for transferring from convenient agriculture to organic agriculture. This data of paper has been taken from producers of organic products. That has been participating in third Iranian natural and organic food products expo 2011. This has been used SPSS for analyzing data. The results show that by using organic farming, there is 31% of yield in each hectare and the amount of chemical fertilizer usage is reduced 96.4 % and the amount of pesticides usage is reduced 83% in contrast to convenient farming. In total 75% of all producers obtained organic certification from European companies and 25% that lack of this certification. With focus on transaction steps of organic farming familiarity of farmers regarding these steps taken under serious consideration in Iran. Also agricultural an education extension will have significant role in this area.

One of the major factors that caused the failure and lack of survival of entrepreneurs was insufficiency of marketing system. The importance of identification of market structure and marketing to the extent that it can be as important as the product. So that in the world today due to the problem of demand for products, without identify and ensure the existence of market for a product or service, production will be no mean. Therefore, marketing operations their own showed since the decision to produce and in other words market, place the crystallization of all the activities of an entrepreneur to receive benefits from the production. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the challenges of marketing of agricultural entrepreneurs in the Kermanshah Township. This study was conducted using qualitative methods. The studied populations included were agricultural entrepreneurs in Kermanshah Township that for at least two consecutive years served. To selection of Participants in this section was used to purposive sampling method of the type of sampling to achieve representativeness or comparability.

Introduction: Rural Tourism has substantially developed in the world in the past few decades and has regularly been added to the scope of its diversity. Food Tourism is a subset of rural tourism which is considered by planners and policy-makers in the some countries with respect to the function and its benefits. Over the past decade, increasing competition among tourism destinations has led to growth remarkable in tourism attractions in order to attract tourists and their satisfaction. Nowadays, food tourism has been recognized as one of the main tools for rural and regional development of in many countries. Food tourism plays a prominent part in the economic development strategies of many developing countries. Although there are a variety of local and traditional foods in the Iran, but the food tourism has not yet been considered by tourism custodians. While the growth and development of food tourism can play an effective role in sustainable development of rural communities in Iran.

INTRODUCTION: Attempts have been focused on developing activities concerning food production, job creation and providing a sustainable source of livelihood for the majority of citizens in resource poor countries. Since the restriction of agriculture as the main risky rural practices impose many challenges to rural residents, rural development can no longer be based only on traditional agricultural activities. However, livelihood diversification can be an alternative to overcome poor living conditions in rural areas. Livelihood diversification through the use of reliable resources can contribute to formulate a survival strategy, maintenance and development. Rural livelihood diversification is referred to the phenomenon through which the rural household unit builds a group of activities and goods looking for better ways of living. Diversification as a livelihood strategy is the process in where rural households engage in multiple activities (either on-farm or off-farm, agricultural or nonagricultural) to survive and to improve their assets (livelihood assets includes natural, physical, human and financial goods, and social capital) and therefore their standard of living. On-farm diversification includes the introduction of new crops into farming systems or farmers investing in livestock, hunting, and fisheries. Fish-farming strategy is classified as one of the supplementary sources of income generation for rural households and especially their poor counterparts. Small-scale fish farming contributes to job creation and promotes rural development. Fish culture is one of the activities contribute to food production worldwide. But the question is whether it provides a sustainable source of livelihood for rural households. In the other words, could policy-makers rely on fish-culture as one of the sources of sustainable livelihood for rural farmers?

Introduction: Resettlement is a process that helps people to mitigate the effects of displacement on their standard of living. A sustainable development approach uses resettlement as an opportunity to improve living standards of displaced people and ensure they benefit from the development activity. Studies show that resettlement can result in adverse impacts on the resettled population. Conversely, a well-planned and managed resettlement process can lead to positive long-term development outcomes. Studies on post disaster resettlement (PDR) in rural areas of Iran revealed that these actions do not respond to all the needs of residents. Occurring extreme rainfalls, in August 2005 in Eastern part of the Golestan province in North of Iran, caused two devastating flood disasters and damaged several villages. After a considerable long discussions, planners and policy makers decided to relocate a significant number of villages incorporating them in larger area.

Introduction: Today's ambient environmental catastrophe not only the peace and security of human life and human existence but also threaten rubs it, why the scientific and political debate on the most serious environmental issue. Awareness of environmental conditions and evaluate the changes of the international community in recent years has been the overall focus and Knowledge and understanding of the environment, to detect changes in the management and delivery of management programs is very important.Today, environmental issues have profoundly social context - cultural environment that we should pay attention to. Today, environmental disaster, not only the take away peace and security of human life, But also threatens human existence, For this reason, scientific and political debate on the environment is the highest and the most recent deafening discussions The ultimate objective of environmental protection is in relation to the social environment and enhanced environmental awareness in the community as well as fostering a culture of environmental enforcement at different levels. In this regard, awareness of environmental issues surrounding villagers is the most important programs in developing countries to achieve sustainable development of the rural environment which is considered as one of the most livable places and have been particularly close to his environment, so that it has the most effect on both the environment and their surroundings and therefore have the greatest relationship with the environment. Therefore, their awareness of environmental issues - is considered to be an undeniably necessary.

Introduction: A study of Iran economic sectors' function shows the suitable and exceptional situation of agricultural sector in national economy (Shahabadi, 2009:126). On the other side, human resources is an important and effective factor in agricultural development while rural youth are vast majority of rural population and work forces (Shahbazi, 2005, 551). Hence, provision of condition to lead this active human force on agriculture sector in addition to job creation, can be an important factor in agricultural sustainability and economic growth of rural areas.Therefore, the main issue in development is that how rural youth can be empowered and join to agricultural activities and being efficient in the process of economic development? These are basic questions that governments are encountering with them. The rural areas of Gonbad-e-Kavous county having large and productive farmlands and educated rural youth can play an important role in agricultural development provided by empowering the youth people. For this reason, we decided to investigate factors motivating rural youth to choose agricultural occupations.

Rural management is organizing and directing rural society by formulating institution and organizations. These institution and organization were facilitate to achieve rural society goals. Rural municipality that established in 1998, is new management approch and experience of official administrative that provide general services. It work under supervision of rural Islamic Association (Shovrie Islamie). So the main propose of the study was analyzing barriers of new approach of rural management in Hamedan proince.According to paradigmic style the study was carried out on the base of mixed methodology (qualitative- quantitative). this study was categorized in applied and survey.in the qualitative phase list of problems and barrier factors were invistegated by semi- interview with 32 rural maniciples on the qualitative phase. so the results of qualitative phase was found complemental variables that were added to initial study variables. Quantitative phase was dominant phase of this study that was based on survey research. Data collection was accomplished by using questionnaires. The questionnaire was validated by professor and experts and its reliability was confirmed through pre-test of data tool and Cronbach Alpha that alpha was 0.7. In total, 241 questionnaires were filled out using interviews with the rural municiples.Results show that barriers such as; members of assosiation (Showra) not familier with owe task (CV=0.197), incoordination of rural people with rural municiple (CV=0.205), and more expectancy of rural people (CV=0.208) stand in one to three problems of new rural management approch. Factor analysis were used for recognition of barrier factors, that eight main factor explained with 58 percentage of problem variance.

Introduction: Villages under 20 households that are active in the field of agriculture and related activities, In terms of the economic, environmental and security are important. Integrated management of rural areas in the field of agriculture and exploitation of natural resources is not possible without considering to this settlements. According to statistics, there are 27,906 villages with population in the country that they constitute 43.2 percent of this prosperous country and has a population of under 100 people. This village Due to lack qualify for the establishment of rural municipality and Islamic rural council, are deprived of the rural municipality institution. Establishment of rural municipality in such settlements due to their characteristics, there are various challenges.