JOURNAL OF CROP BREEDING
Year:2013 | Volume:5 | Issue:11|Papers Count:9

Abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity are the most important causes of sever reduction of the crop yields in the world that genetic engineering could improve the tolerance of crops to these stresses as one of the suitable and available solution. In this study to produce transgenic wheat which has the tolerant to abiotic stresses gene gun method and p6U-Ubi-FVT1 as vector was used. This vector has streptomycin and hygromycin marker and fld cyanobacteria offspring gene. Flavodoxin plays the same role of fredoxin which prevents the problems of electron transport system and active oxygene species formations. Embryogenic callus of Bahar, Line A, Pishtaz, N-83, Zarin and S-87 variety of Wheat were used for this study. Results showed embryogenic callus of Bahar variety by 6.51 percent of shooting and 3.35 percent of rooting has the most regenerating rate and Zarin and S-87 had the less regeneration ability in comparison of other variety. Gene bombardment was done 36 times and PCR analysis was done on 6 Bahar and 1 line A plantlets which proved the gene transferring in Line A plantlet. The highest amount of transgenes was by Line A variety which owned 0.007 percent. Also Dot blot analysis validates the gene transfer in the plantlet.

Saffron (Crocus sativa L.) is a native plant of Iran with various medical and food properties. It also has an important role in terms of economical issues in Iran. To determine the genetic relationship and polymorphism of Crocus species, protein patterns of 10 various saffron including 6 wild type and 4 cultivated genotypes were obtained using protein storage of corm by sodium dodysol solfate poly acril amid gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Dendrogram was plotted and genetic distance of ecotypes were calculated. The results of protein profile of 10 selected types have showed 25 protein bands with maximum in Roshtkhar ecotype. The results of dendrogram indicated that the ecotypes can be divided into 5 different groups. The crop ecotypes including Roshtkhar, Torogh, Estahban, Torbat, Gonabad and Ghaen showed more genetic distance from the wild ecotypes and were divided in a distinguished group with a higher genetic relationship (94%). There was a minimum similarity (15%) between ecotype of C. michelsonii and ecotype of Toroq among the ecotypes. The survey indicate high potential presence of genetic variation between Crocus species. Differences of observed banding pattern shows that saffron cultivate in Iran probably have not originated from a single clone.

In order to evaluate combining ability and heritability of quantitative and qualitative traits in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines, three testers and four lines were crossed using line × tester fashion. The 12 F1 single cross combinations along with their parents and five checks including Azargol, Alestar, Euroflor, SHF81-85 and SHF81-90, totally 25 genotypes were planted in simple lattice design with two replications at Dashtenaz Agronomy Research Station in 2008. The traits including plant height, head diameter, lifecycle duration, grain yield, 1000 grain, weight, oil content and oil yield. Estimation high narrow sense heritability for 1000 grain, weight indicated the more importance of additive genetic effects for its genetic control. The tester T2(AF81-40) and line L1 (RF81-154/2) with significant positive general combining ability (GCA) effects for grain and oil yields were considered as suitable combiners for improving these traits. T1 (AF81-178) with significant negative general combining ability for plant height was suitable for decreasing this trait. The crosses including AF81-222×RF81-053/2, AF81-178×R4 and AF81- 178×RF81-106/1 had significant negative specific combining ability (SCA) effects for plant height were good combinations for improving this trait. The cross AF81-40×RF81- 154/2 had significant positive SCA effects for 1000-grain weight. This cross combination had also significant positive SCA effects for grain yield and oil yield and also high means value of these traits.

To determine the most important morphological characteristics affecting the yield of rice, experimental farm in 2010 at Sari of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University based on a randomized complete block design with three replications were conducted. Studied genotypes were included 27 promising lines of rice and two parental varieties of rice, namely Sange Tarom and Daylamani. In this experiment, traits such as plant height, fertile tillers, flag leaf length and width, panicle length, number of primary and secondary spicklets, grain length and width, number of filled grains per panicle and grain yield were studied. Analysis of variance showed that rice genotypes were different (p< 0.01). Line7 and Line17 had the highest yield (7.485 and 6.952 ton/ ha) and 7 lines such as Line10 had the lowest yield (3.477 ton.ha-1) respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the yield negatively correlated with plant height (r = -0.35) and positively correlated with fertile tiller number (r = 0.22). Cluster analysis classified studied rice lines into three groups in which the third group with three lines (lines of 2, 7 and 17) in a separate group from controls parents. These lines had good performance in terms of grain yield and yield components. Mean while, path analysis indicated that fertile tiller had a significant direct (0.394) and indirect (0.41) effects via leaf area on grain yield. Therfore, this trait along with plant height could be recommende for selection of rice promising lines.

In order to evaluate morphological and agronomic traits in 40 barley lines, an experiment was conducted using completely randomized block design with three replications. Significant differences were observed among lines with respect to all the traits except harvest index and number of infertile tiller indicating high genetic diversity in the studied materials. Lines number 10, 13, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27 and 31 were superior considering grain yield and most of the measured traits. Significant and positive correlations were found between grain yield and biomass, number of fertile and infertile tiller, harvest index, plant height and spike length. In multiple regression analysis, spike length, awn length, 1000 grain weight, biomass and fertile tillers were entered in the final model. In the path analysis based on multiple regression analysis, grain yield was considered as dependent variable and number of fertile tiller, biomass, 100 grains weight, spike length and own length as independent variable. The highest direct and positive effect on grain yield was attributed by biomass and maximum indirect effect was observed for number of fertile litter via biomass.

Chamomile is one of the important medicinal plants in commerce that has many applications in drug and sanitary industries. In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of different chamomile landraces (Matricaria aurea (Loefl.) Sch. Bip.) based on random and Semi-random primers, 16 landraces that collected from different areas of Iran were selected. Twenty-two random primers for RAPD marker and Twenty-two semi-random primers from IT (intron-targeting) and ET (exon-targeting) primers with 15-mer and 18-mer were used in this study. Genetic similarity between landraces was estimated using Jaccard's similarity coefficient. Cluster analysis was conducted with UPGMA methodusing NTSYS-pc ver 2.02 software. The number of polymorphic bands generated by random primers varied from 5-13 and varied from 6-21 for semi-random primers. According to the cluster analysis on both random and semi-random primers, 16 populations were classified into three groups. Based on similarity matrix, Tabriz landrace had minimum similarity with other landraces. Compare between random and semi-random primers showed that semi-random primers had more ability in produce polymorphism.

Chamomile is one of the important medicinal plants in commerce that has many applications in drug and sanitary industries. In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of different chamomile landraces (Matricaria aurea (Loefl.) Sch. Bip.) based on random and Semi-random primers, 16 landraces that collected from different areas of Iran were selected. Twenty-two random primers for RAPD marker and Twenty-two semi-random primers from IT (intron-targeting) and ET (exon-targeting) primers with 15-mer and 18- mer were used in this study. Genetic similarity between landraces was estimated using Jaccard's similarity coefficient. Cluster analysis was conducted with UPGMA method using NTSYS-pc ver 2.02 software. The number of polymorphic bands generated by random primers varied from 5-13 and varied from 6-21 for semi-random primers. According to the cluster analysis on both random and semi-random primers, 16 populations were classified into three groups. Based on similarity matrix, Tabriz landrace had minimum similarity with other landraces. Compare between random and semi-random primers showed that semi-random primers had more ability in produce polymorphism.

Florist's chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) belongs to the Asteraceae family and represents the second most important floricultural crop in the world. Most genotypes are sensitive to aphids and infestations can seriously affect the economic value and cause transmission of viruses into this vegetatively propagated crop. The result of artificial diet bioassay showed that equistatin is readily toxic when digested by two tested aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum, most susceptible and Aphis gossypii) and showed moderate growth inhibition of the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae. We transformed genotypes 1581 and 4043 using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL-0 containing the binary vector pBINPLUS carrying the sea anemone equistatin gene under the control of the chrysanthemum RbcS promoter to induce aphid resistance. Leaf disk choice and non-choice as well as whole plant bioassays were carried out to analyze deleterious effect of SAE on population growth of both peach aphid Myzus persicae and cotton aphid Aphis gossypii. Transgenic line with highest expression of SAE in qRT-PCR showed the lowest population growth (about half of control population) in peach aphid and highest mortality (2.75 times of control) in cotton aphid.

In order to assess the drought stress indices in chickpea elite lines, forty-nine genotypes were evaluated using an incomplete block arrangement in two well watered and deficit irrigation conditions including 60 and 120 mm evaporation based on class A pan at the Northern Khorasan Rain- Fed Research Station. Different phonological and morphological traits, as well as yield and its components were recorded. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the genotypes. The results of drought stress indices and biplot analysis suggested that genotypes SEL93TH24469, FLIP 01-64C and FLIP 98-38C were the most tolerant lines and FLIP 93-255C was the most susceptible one. Biplot analysis also showed that HARM, GMP, STI and MP selection indices were the best to identify drought tolerant genotypes. Cluster analysis separated the genotypes into three groups. Genotypes in cluster II had highest tolerance to drought stress.