VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (VETERINARY JOURNAL TABRIZ)
Year:2017 | Volume:11 | Issue:3 (43) |Papers Count:8

Despite rapid advances in technology and diagnostic facilities, contemporary mankind still faces the old and serious challenge of zoonoses and their emerging and re-emerging status further complicates the problems and sometimes the health system of the country faces a dilemma. Out of the 1,415 known human diseases, about 868 (60%) have multiplicative hosts, which occur between different species. In the recent three decades, approximately 75% of the newly emerging human infections have been zoonotic. In this article, using library studies and electronic searches, list of the most important bacterial zoonoses with a special vision towards emerging and re-emerging diseases, the status of the most important zoonoses in Islamic Republic of Iran and the world is presented, based on the published national and international documents, and the weaknesses and strengths of the responsible organizations have been discussed and corrective strategies and prospects for the future offered.

Electrocardiography is an important diagnostic technique in conjunction to cardiac problems, therefore its standardization is necessary among various livestock and also different breeds of a species because species differences can influence ECG parameters. Determination of normal Intervals and segments of the electrocardiogram can help identify heart abnormalities especially arrhythmias. The present study was performed to determine normal duration of intervals and segments of the electrocardiogram on 100 apparently healthy river buffaloes. For this purpose the buffaloes were divided into male and female and according to dental formula to two age groups (less than 2.5 and more than 2.5 years of age). After taking the anamnesis and performing a clinical examination, the electrocardiogram was obtained based on base- apex lead system with lead II of the electrocardiograph, paper speed of 25mm/sec and sensitivity of 10 mv/min. Results showed that regardless of age and sex, the median and interquartile range of P-R, Q-T and R-R intervals and PR, ST and TP segments were 0.22±0.03, 0.36±0.04, 0.89±0.16, 0.12±0.02, 0.21±0.05 and 0.30±0.12 second respectively. Statistical tests showed that there is a significant difference in relation to the P-R interval and PR segment between the two sexes and also P-R, Q-T interval and PR segment in the two age groups (p<0.05). It seems that factors such as breed, ecology and behavior of river buffalo can affect normal electrocardiographic wave parameters.

Cryptosporidium parvum is an enteric pathogen of a broad range of animals including ruminants. It is also important in terms of public health due to its transmission from animals to humans. The purpose of the present study was to determine the infection rate of this parasite in lambs raised in farms of Jovein area as a center of sheep production in khorasan-razavi province. At first, some sheep flocks were selected randomly, then fecal samples were collected from the rectum of 300 lambs with the age of 10 days to two months during four seasons between summer 1393 to spring 1394 (July 2014 to May 2015). After recording the sampling time, age, sex, and presence or absence of clinical signs of diarrhea in studied lambs, the samples were transported to the parasitology laboratory. Smears were prepared and stained by modified Ziehl-Neelsen method and examined by light microscopy using magnification of 100× (oil immersion). The results of 150 cases of diarrheic and 150 cases of non- diarrheic stools showed that the infection rate is 3% (9 positive samples). Two (1.3%) and 7 (4.6%) positive samples belonged to diarrheic and non- diarrheic lambs, respectively. The Chi-square test revealed no statistically significant correlation between the protozoan infection rate with diarrhea, age, sex and season of sampling. Although the cryptosporidium infection rate in lambs were relatively low in Jovein area, but sheep should not be overlooked as a possible source of infection that could threaten public health.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder and its incidence is considered to be high all over the world. It causes increase in blood glucose levels and subsequent damage to various tissues and blood vessels. The aim of the present study was to evaluate cardiac injury biomarkers of serum in rats with experimental diabetes. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 2 groups including healthy control and diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced with a single injection of alloxan (120 mg/kg IP). Four weeks after induction of diabetes, levels of cTnI (cardiac troponin I), AST (Aspartate aminotransferase), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) and CK-MB (keratin kinase) were measured in serum. At the end of the experiment, mean blood sugar levels were 263.1±36 and 96.7±12 mg/dl in diabetic and control groups respectively that reveals a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p=0.000). Serum cTnI level in diabetic rats was significantly higher than healthy control group (p=0.002). Other cardiac biomarkers of serum in experimentally induced diabetic rats were significantly higher than control group. There were significant correlation between blood glucose levels and serum cTnI (r=0.685; p=0.010), and with serum activities of enzymes, including AST (r=0.862; p=0.000), LDH (r=0.760; p=0.008) and CK-MB (r=0.590; p=0.014). In conclusion, elevated level of serum cTnI and enzyme activities in diabetic rats in comparison to the control group suggests some degree of cardiac muscle damages.

Aminoglycosides are often used in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics and have a rapid bactericidal effect, are available at an affordable cost and have less incidence of resistance, making them a drug of choice for treatment of several life-threatening infections. However, the nephrotoxic effects of aminoglycosides prevent their long term use. The use of herbal extracts in order to decrease injuries of injurious materials has long been considered. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the protective effects of nettle (Urtica dioica) extract against gentamicin induced kidney injuries in the rat. Forty five male Wistar rats were divided into 9 groups consisting of: 1-healthy control group, 2- negative control group that received tween 20 (extract solvent), 3- patient control group which received onlygentamicin at 100 mg/kg, experimental healthy groups 4-6 which received nettle extract at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg and patient experimental groups 7-9 which received nettle extract along with gentamicin at 100 mg/kg. At the end of the experiment (28 days), blood samples were obtained, and the kidneys were removed for histopathologic investigations. The results showed that gentamicin alone induced renal tissue damage and significantly increased the serum levels of creatinine and urea (p<0.05). However, administration of nettle extract accompanied with gentamicin decreased these markers significantly (p<0.05). Also histologic results indicated improvement of renal tissue structures during treatment with nettle extract.  It is concluded that nettle could ameliorate nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin.

Contamination of poultry by salmonella spp. is an important issue both in the field of public health as well as in the poultry industry and poultry have a significant role in transmission and incidence of human salmonellosis. The aim of the present study was isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. in Iranian broiler breeder farms and their feed. Samples from Sixty two broiler breeder farms and their feed from 21 states of Iran were collected during one year. All samples were cultured in different conventional media, including pre-enrichment, enrichment, selective plating and 18 Salmonella isolates were identified. Salmonella identification was confirmed by multiplex PCR and 12 isolates were confirmed. Out of positive samples, seven samples (58.33%) were Salmonella enteritidis in Ghazvin, Mazandaran and Markazi provinces, three samples (25%) were Salmonella infantis in Kordestan and southern Khorasan provinces, and two samples (16.6%) were Salmonella typhimurium in Fars and Lorestan provinces. All feed samples were negative. The results of this study showed that some breeder farms in Iran are contaminated with Salmonella and the most prominent Salmonella in broiler breeder farms are Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella infantis, and Salmonella typhimurium respectively.

This study was conducted on 29 horses with strangles and 27 healthy horses (negative culture) in order to investigate the serumic concentration of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in stables of Tabriz area in Iran. Sick horses were detected by clinical and laboratory (culture of nasal discharge) findings. Blood samples were subsequently collected from the jugular vein in all horses and serum was separated. The concentration of acute phase proteins (Haptoglobin and Serum Amyloid A) were measured in all samples. Mean Serum Amyloid A in affected and healthy horses was 2749.13±569.95 mg/dl and 1602.97±357.76 mg/dl respectively. Mean serumic levels of Haptoglobin in affected and healthy horses was 1258.20±244.01 mg/dl and 721.97±187.18 mg/dl respectively. Average of both parameters in affected horses was significantly higher than the healthy group (in both p=0.000). There was no significant correlation between the measured parameters in diseased horses (p=0.158 & r=0.269). In conclusion, strangles induces increase in the serumic concentration of acute phase proteins which must be considered in the treatment of affected horses.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen, is the most common infective agent of burn wounds. The aim of this study was to compare the histopathological effect of a mixture of aqueous extract of cinnamon and honey with silver sulfadiazine on the healing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected second grade skin burn wounds in rats. To this end, 60 male rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups (15 rats in each group). After inducing anesthesia, second grade burn wound with the diameter of 12 mm was created in the dorsal region of rats. Then, 1.5×108 cfu/ml P. aeruginosa PA01was equally bestrewed on the wound of all rats. Every 12 hours, silver sulfadiazine (group 1), honey (group 2) and aqueous extract of cinnamon and honey (group 3) were applied to the wounds and group 4 was kept as control. On days 7, 14, and 21, five rats were selected from each group at each time point and after inducing anesthesia and measuring the diameter of the wound by coliseum, microbial and histopathological samples were taken from the wounds. Microbial studies showed that in all groups except the control group, the growth of the microbe was stopped. Histopathological observations regarding wound healing and diameter showed that there was a significant difference between treatment groups and the control group on days 7, 14 and 21 (p<0.05). On the 21st day, the extract of cinnamon and honey group had superior wound healing than silver sulfadiazine group but inferior in comparison to honey. According to the results btained, it is possible to utilize honey and mixture of aqueous extract of cinnamon and honey for treatment of infected skin burn wounds.