PLANT ECOPHYSIOLOGY (ARSANJAN BRANCH)
Year:2014 | Volume:6 | Issue:16|Papers Count:9

The soil in Iran due to having high pH, abundant lime and phosphate fertilizers application more than the necessary amount, in the past, less micronutrients uptake by root like iron, is common, which can disrupt plant photosynthetic system. Regarding to this problem a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications during 2012 in Ardabil region. The first factor was iron nano oxide fertilizer at four levels including 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 percent and normal iron oxide at 2 percent and the second factor was spraying stages (during vegetative growth, beginning of tubering stage and tuber filling). The results of variance analysis showed that the effect of different levels of iron nano oxide fertilizer was significant on tuber sodium and phosphorus content, leaf iron content and tuber yield. Also the effect of spraying stages was significant on tuber potassium content and tuber yield. Furthermore, the interaction of these factors was significant on tuber iron concentration. The effect of mentioned factors was not significant on tuber calcium content. Iron nano oxide mean comparison results indicated that the most tuber sodium and phosphorus content was acquired in control with no iron fertilizer application, the most leaf iron content was in control with common iron fertilizer application and the most tuber yield was in iron nano oxide at 2 percent. Mean comparison of spraying stages indicated that the most potassium content of tuber and tuber yield was acquired by spraying during tuber filling. Mean comparison of interaction of these factors indicated that the treatment of iron nano oxide spraying with 2 percent during tuber filling had the most tuber iron content.

A factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replications in Fars Province, Shiraz city to assess micronutrient fertilizer treatments with hormone auxin was conducted on wheat Durum. The first factor consisted of two levels of auxin (application of auxin to the level of 100 ppm and treatment of non- application of auxin) and the second factor consisted of four treatment fertilizer applications (control treatment, applying at the rate of 50 kg/ha (zinc sulfate), the use of molybdat ammonium as much as half kg/ha with seed and the combined treatments of zinc and molybdenum application rate of 5.50 kg/ha. After taking notes and recording field data, the data were analyzed by SAS program Analysis of variance and the means were compared by Duncan test. The results showed that the hormone auxin application on grain yield, number of grains per wheat spike, leaf area index, biological yield and plant height at 5% level of significance was significant leading to increased or improved traits, but compared to non-hormonal treatment no significant difference was found. Also among different levels of fertilizer treatments, the most traits were related to combined application of zinc and molybdenum treatments, and the lowest were found in the control group. It should be noted that a separate application of zinc showed a greater increase in traits compared with the separate application of molybdenum. The effect of combined application of fertilizers and micronutrients was significantly greater than their individual effects. In addition, the use of hormonal interactions also showed that zinc and molybdenum increased yield.

To investigate the effects of different methods of tillage and plant residual on yield and components yields of Shiroudi wheat (Triticumaestivum. L), a field experiment as arrangement strip plot based on randomized completed block design (RCBD) was conducted with 3 replications in 2009. Three tillage practices (conventional tillage, reduced tillage, no tillage) and four levels of leaving residues (0,30,60,90%) by weight of past year wheat residues were performed. The results showed that residue had significant effects on the number of grain per spike and seed weight. Increasing wheat residues reduced the number of grain per spike and the number of spike. Residues influenced the total dry matter, but not the number of spike and plant height. The highest yield was obtained when using reduce tillage besides using 30% of past year wheat residues. Also the results showed that the highest dry matter (biomass) was obtained when 30% of the past year wheat residues were used with reduce tillage system. So according to positive effects of using residue in reduced tillage method, application of 30% of residues is suggested.

In order to evaluate the effect of different dosages of iodosulfuron+mesosulfuron and plant density of wheat and different doses of herbicide on weed control, a factorial experiment was conducted in randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Beyza, Sepidan. Treatments were four levels of wheat density included 150, 300, 450 and 600 plants/m2 and four dosages of iodosulfuron + mesosulfuron included 0, 72, 126 and 180 g a.i./ha. Spraying was conducted at weeds 2-4 leaves stage and the sampling was performed four weeks after spraying. The result showed that the use of higher dosages of herbicide had more effect on weed control and 180 g a.i. /ha of herbicide had the greatest impact. Also dose of 72 g a.i./ha did not have appropriate efficiency on weed control, so it is not recommended. On the other hand the results showed that by increasing the plant density, lower dosages of herbicides can be used. So the best treatment for weed control was wheat density of 450 plants/m2 with 126 g a.i./ha of iodosulfuron+mesosulfuron.

To evaluate forage yield of perennial alfalfa (Medicgo sativa L.) in intercropping with some cereals at different seeding rates, an experiment was conducted in cropping year 2011 at Fasa region, east of Fars province. The experiment was conducted as factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete blocks design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was the type of companion crops included wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rye grass (Secale cereale L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) and the second factor was their seeding rates (0, 60, 120, 180 kg/ha). The results showed that companion crop with seeding rate of 60 kg/ha had the highest forage dry weight, number of stem and established plants of alfalfa. Oat was primarily more effective on alfalfa growth and followed by rye and oat seeding rate of 120 kg/ha had the highest total forage of ahfalfa with companion crops and yield and alfalfa dry weight in the second harvest.

To investigate the effect of salt stress on yield and yield component of seven hulless barley genotypes, a field experiment was conducted in Sadough Salinity Research Station, National Salinity Research Center during 2011-2012. Hulless barley genotypes and a common barley: Onfarm number 4 (control) were planted in two irrigation conditions with saline (10 dS/m) and (2 dS/m) based on RCBD experiment with three replications. The effect of salinity on seed germination (i.e. 0, 5, 10 20 and 30 dS/m) of the genotypes was also investigated. The results showed that genotypes number1 and 3 had the highest kernel per spike by 44.56 and 36.76 in non saline conditions, respectively. The highest number of kernel per spike was related to genotypes number 3 and 7 in saline conditions by 40.93 and 35.33, respectively. Genotypes number 2 and 4 produced the highest grain yield in non-saline conditions by 437.5 and 458.43 g.m2, respectively. The highest grain yield in saline conditions was observed for genotypes number 2 and 7. The lowest SSI in hulless barley genotypes was observed for genotypes number 2 and 7. Genotypes number 2, 3 and 7 had the highest yield stability in terms of STI. Results showed that salinity up to 10 dS/m had no significant effect on seed germination. The highest seed germination were for genotypes number 3 (85.6%), 4 (86.67%) and 5 (86.13%), regardless of salinity. On farm number 4 had the lowest seed germination by 72.27%. Therefore, genotypes number 2 and 7 had the best performance in the present experiment.

In order to study the effect of planting date and plant density on morphological characteristics and yield of Matricaria (Matricaria chamomilla), an experiment was carried out with split plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Jelin, Gorgan, Iran during 2011-2012. Main plots consisted of three planting dates (10 March, 30 March, 23 April) and sub-plots included three plant densities of 20, 30 and 40 plant per each m2. The result showed that the planting date had significant effect on the evaluated traits including fresh and dry flower yield, the number of main flowering stems, number and the dry weight of leaves, and the plant height. The results showed that maximum number of main flowering stems, number and dry weight of leaves, plant height, and fresh and dry flower yield were obtained from the plants which were sown on March10th and the plants sown in April23rd had the minimum value of the mentioned traits. The dry flower yield was affected significantly by planting density and this factor did not have any significant effect on any other trait. The mutual effect of planting date and plant density did not have any significant effect on measured traits. The dry flower yield was significantly higher in planting density of 40 plants per m2 in comparison with other densities. The results showed that in Gorgan climate, the best planting date for Matricaria, among experimented dates, was March10th and, according to its higher dry flower yield, the best planting density among the evaluated densities was 40 plants/m2.

Different orange cultivars (Citrus sinensis L.) are among the most sensitive plants to salinity of soil and water, and under such conditions, drastic reduction of both vegetative and yield occurs. This research was conducted in a factorial trial with completely randomized design with four replications in order to study the effect of NaCl salinity and different rootstocks namely: Sour orange (C. aurantium), Mexican lime (C. aurantifolia), Volkameriana (C. volkameriana) and Bakraii (C. reticulata ´ C. limetta) on concentration of micro elements in “Valencia” orange shoots. The four levels of salinity imposed were: 0, 20, 40 and 60 mM NaCl. Results showed that rootstock had a significant effect on shoot concentration of micro elements and under salinity treatments different changes occurred in concentration of micro elements among rootstocks. In general, under the conditions of this experiment, Volkamer lemon, and to some extent Bakraii, had a good potential to send micro elements into Valencia shoots.