MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
Year:2019 | Volume:12 | Issue:40 |Papers Count:8

The existence of a conflict of interests between managers and shareholders causes managers to make decisions that do not provide for the interests of shareholders. One of these decisions may be the lack of investment in the major operations of the companies. One way to prevent it is to increase the quality of financial reporting and the establishment of a corporate governance system, as this will lead to stakeholder monitoring of investment decisions. The main objective of this research is to investigate the effect of corporate governance and the quality of financial information on investment in the main operations of companies admitted to Tehran Stock Exchange. In this study, 119 companies were sampled in a cross-sectional (119 observation). In this research, investing in the main operations of the company through the calculation of the correlation between growth of the industry and the company, as well as the quality of accounting information through the calculation of a comprehensive quality index of profits, which consists of four variables (accruals quality, earnings sustainability, profitability predictability and profit smoothing) Is measured. The results of the research show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the comprehensive index of earnings quality and the amount of investment in the main operations of the company.

Accounting conservatism in conditions of uncertainty creates a prudent approach in identifying and measuring earnings and assets. Also, the managers' short-term view of a superficial and limited view in thinking, planning and decision making is a description of a kind of bias or tendency that creates a serious constraint in choices and decisions. On the other hand, subconcidence is a concept that occurs frequently in everyday life, and its footprint is also seen in investment decisions, meaning that individuals are optimistic about their verdict and may hardly consider mistakes in their judgment. In this study, we tried to investigate the effect of accounting conservatism on the short-term attitude of long-term managers using data from 120 companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2012 to 2016, combined data model and multivariate regression model. The results showed that there is a reverse and significant relationship between accounting conservatism and short-term attitude of managers.

An important subject in financial management is working capital management, which plays an important role in surviving and growing the commercial unit. The main purpose of this study is to evaluation the effects of change in the availability of short term bank dept on corporate working capital management. In this study, the data of 52 active manufacturing companies in the industry sector during the period of 2006 – 2016 in the Tehran Stock Exchange have been used. The panel data quasi-likelihood method was used. The effect of change in short term bank debt on working capital elements such as cash, receivables, inventories and other current assets (prepayments and orders), trade debt (payables) and other current liabilities were studied. The results showed that changes in the availability of bank debt significantly influence a number of aspects of a firm’ s working capital policies, and these effects often differ across firms that are more or less dependent on bank debt.

The main purpose of the present research is to use new costing methods in construction projects to reduce and control the amount of cost deviations and some limitations in the common methods of cost management in projects. In competitive or highly uncertain projects, it is not possible to control the momentum of the project's profit and loss, and, it is not possible to accurately identify the activities causing profit or loss and the extent of their impact on these results. After a literature review, a method developed to control the momentum of direct and overhead costs of the project during its progress. An interview was conducted with 26 financial managers in construction companies during 2 to 4 times using goal-oriented and bullet-proof methods from June 2016 to May 2017 with the aim of validating and modifying the method. According to a semi-structured interview analysis, the proposed method contributed to increasing the precision, certainty, traceability of overhead costs that is about 10 to 35 percent, and provided the integrity of the financial, technical and operational system. It also facilitates rooted deviations, and reduces costs by considering Activity-driven Competitive and strategic conditions. It's also limiting the target cost of working packs and causing an alarm on the completion of each department's budget and analyze its reasons, allowing for control of budget deviations. Also, according to Friedman test, there is a meaningful competitive ability compared to the conventional cost control method in the projects.

In this study, the ability of artificial neural networks (ANN) as a novel method for predicting the likelihood of fraudulent financial reporting of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange in a period of 9 years between the years 2006 to 2015 were studied. For this purpose, the information contained in the financial statements and financial ratios and Multilayer Perceptron model, which includes an input layer, hidden layer of visibility software MATLAB, and an output layer is, the likelihood of distorted presentation of the financial report of fraudulent financial reporting through techniques neural network was evaluated. In this regard, the first seven years of information companies, to develop and train the neural network, data validation and verification of the eighth to the ninth year of training, networking and data as test data and test network were designed. Finally, with regard to the results, it was found that the neural network modeling techniques based on neural network integrity is 97. 4% and the design and rigorous training, neural networks can be designed with reasonable accuracy the probability to detect and predict fraudulent financial reporting companies.

This research investigates the effects of psychological distance on judgment and decision making in accounting. Construal level theory of psychological distance, a framework recently developed in the field of social psychology, constitutes the theoretical foundation for this study. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of spatial distance and risk category on risk managers’ probability assessment regarding the occurrence of different risk factors. The statistical population of the research is the corporate risk managers and the domain of the time of research is 1396. Chi-square, covariance analysis and multiple regression models were used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. The results show that spatial distance influences decision makers' judgment about the possibility of realizing different risk factors. As anticipated, results show that risk managers who evaluate a spatially remote risk target judge the probability that various risk factors will materialize to be lower than their counterparts who evaluate a spatially proximate risk target. Furthermore, no support is found for the prediction that risk managers perceive operational risk factors as more likely to occur than non-operational risk factors. Overall, the results of this study show that psychological distance and level of abstraction resulting from it systematically affects judgments and evaluations of organizational decision makers (accountants and managers). Thus, the present research identifies the psychological distance as a potential source of decision-making orientation during the risk assessment process. Therefore, decision makers should pay attention to the critical role of mental interpretation in individual judgment and decision making.

Based on competing and signaling theories, companies have different characteristics and conditions in their various stages of their life cycle, which may have an impact on their financial reporting. Therfore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of reliability of financial information on different company’ life cycles. In order to verify the reliability of financial information based on the conceptual framework of financial reporting, two components of faithfull represatation and information neutrality have been used. Hence, in order to measure these two components, the earnings management index as an information’ relaiability’ decreasing factor in reverse and two of the criteria are based on the reported profits in curent and last year. The reported EPS of previous and current periods are inversely used to assess the neutrality. The sample consists of 127 Tehran Stock Exchange companies during the period of 2012-2017. In order to examine the hypotheses of the research, analysis of variance was used to compare the mean of variables using the least significant difference (LSD) and SPSS software. Research findings suggest that there is no significant difference in faithfull represatation during corporate different life cycles. Also, the results of research indicate that the impartiality of the information neutrality presented and maturity and decline stage do not differ significantly. While the neutrality of the information presented in the growth stage is significantly different with the maturity and decline stages. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the policies for the use of financial information do not differ during the life of the companies. Also, the results of this study are in accordance with the signaling theory.

Many studies have shown that users of financial statements are not able to correctly price the components of earnings. Based on competitive and signalling theories, firms’ reporting and earnings quality vary in different stages of the life cycle. Therefore, in this research, we try to study the pricing of earnings components over the life cycle of firms. This study was conducted through the mishkin test expanded by the model of Allen et al (2013). In order to implement this plan, data of 78 companies accepted on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2004 to 2014 were collected from CODAL and TSE-Client. The evidence suggests that cash component and accruals components are respectively underpriced and overpriced by market in growth stage. In addition, there was no evidence of mispricing of accruals related to the growth of the company at the maturity stage. Evidence also showed that these items are underpriced in the declining stage. The pricing of other components of earnings was similar in three stages. Given that the smallest and largest amount of absolute value of the difference in the coefficients of earnings components was respectively observed in the maturity and the declining stages, it can be concluded that earnings at the maturity and the declining are respectively the lowest and the most misleading.